Ошибка
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering
  • Ошибка при загрузке модулей:Can't create/write to file '/var/lib/mysql/tmp/#sql_bd4_0.MYI' (Errcode: 30) SQL=SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, control, params FROM jos_modules AS m LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id WHERE m.published = 1 AND m.access <= 0 AND m.client_id = 0 AND ( mm.menuid = 8 OR mm.menuid = 0 ) ORDER BY position, ordering

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT. RESTRUCTURING AND RESTORATION

The fact of the lack of wood in the formation of muslim architecture style

Вестник МГСУ 2/2015
  • Chernyshev Sergey Nikolaevich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Department of Engineering Geology and Geoecology, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; +7 (499) 183-83-47; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .
  • Elmanova Elena Leonidovna - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) Elena Leonidovnapostgraduate student, Department of Engineering Geology and Geoecology, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .

Страницы 7-20

The article includes an analysis of the influence of the natural conditions of the region on the structural and stylistic features of Arab architecture. National architecture depends on the features of natural-climatic conditions of the region: geographical location (the climate, terrain, building materials), seismic activity, geological structure. The Muslim architecture was influenced by: high seismic activity; the lack of wood; dry and hot climate; high temperature drops in the daytime and at night. These are the peculiarities of Asia. The Arab countries are located in several climatic zones: in subtropical, the Northern tropical and subequatorial zones. The climate here is hot and arid. Forests grow only on some slopes. A significant part of Africa and Arabia is situated in the area of the desert. In Syria forests are found only on the Eastern slopes of the mountains. There are stunted coniferous and deciduous trees. These trees are thin, low and unsuitable for construction purposes. In Iran forests grow on the Northern slopes of the Mount Elbrus, at the altitudes of up to 2500 m, and on the coast of the Caspian Sea. The Central Iranian plateau has almost no vegetation. There is very little rainfall (100...250 mm per year). The air cools down quickly at night. There are also large diurnal and seasonal temperature changes. Rock formation is weathered therefore the sandy-clay deposits are formed. They are suitable for making bricks. The clay in the form of bricks was used as a building material. The unfired adobe was used too. It worked rather well in dry climatic conditions. The widespread use of the adobe influenced the color of the buildings - they were the color of soil. The wood as a construction material was scarce, so in large spans domes were built. Vaults and arches were built without the use of scaffolding and cradling. This influenced their shape. Wood is only used for architectural elements of palaces (rare wooden tall columns, ceilings and window grates made of wooden elements) and for construction of ceiling of traditional houses. Thin and uneven beams were unsuitable for the interior of the palaces.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2015.2.7-20

Библиографический список
  1. Jawondo I.A. Architectural History of Ilorin Mosques in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies. Department of History and International Studies, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 1 June 2012, vol. 38, issue 2, pp. 303—313. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2012.719394.
  2. Guggenheim M. The Laws of Foreign Buildings: Flat Roofs and Minarets. Social and Legal Studies. Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Switzerland, December 2010, vol. 19, issue 4, pp. 441—460.
  3. Amar N.Z.M., Ismail Z., Salleh H. Guidelines for Internal Arrangement of Islamic House. BEIAC 2012 — 2012 IEEE Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications Collquium. 2012, art. no. 6226049, pp. 189—194. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/BEIAC.2012.6226049.
  4. Karimi Z.R. Spaces of Worship in Islam in the West. Interiors: Design, Architecture, Culture. Architecture Department, Southern Polytechnic State University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2010, vol. 1, issue 3, pp. 265—279. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/204191210X12875837764174.
  5. Al-Lahham A. Traditionalism or Traditionalieism: Authentication or Fabrication? Archnet-IJAR. College of Design, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 2014, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 64—73.
  6. Alhazim M., Littlewood J., Canavan K., Carey P. Design Philosophy of the Traditional Kuwaiti House. AEI 2013: Building Solutions for Architectural Engineering — Proceedings of the 2013 Architectural Engineering National Conference. State College, PA; United States; Code 100669, 2013, pp. 1018—1029. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412909.099.
  7. Tariq S.H., Jinia M.A. The Contextual Issues in the Islamic Architecture of Bengal Mosques. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah. 2013, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 41—48. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/GJAT322013.03.01.
  8. Imz E., Uinton K., Bell B. Ispaniya. Okno v mir [Spain. Window to the World]. Translated from English, 2nd edition. Moscow, Ekom-Press, 1998, 396 p. (In Russian)
  9. Bilets'kiy V.S., editor. Mala girnichna entsiklopediya [Small Mining Encyclopedia]. In 3 volumes. Donets'k, Donbas Publ., 2004, vol. 1, 640 p. (in Ukranian)
  10. Haghshenas A. The Importance of Water Bodies and Structures in the Persian Garden Architecture. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2014, no. 4, pp. 29—36.
  11. Embi M.R., Abdullahi Y. Evolution of Islamic Geometrical Patterns. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah. 2012, vol. 2, issue 2, pp. 27—39.
  12. Glancey J. Architecture: World’s Greatest Buildings, Styles and History, Architects (Eyewitness Companions). 2006, DK ADULT, 512 p.
  13. Khaled Kh.A. Obespechenie seysmostoykosti arkhitekturnykh pamyatnikov arabskogo zodchestva na territorii Sirii : dissertatsiya … kandidata tekhnicheskikh nauk [Earthquake Protection of Architectural Monuments of Arabic Architecture in Syria. Dissertation of the Candidate of Technological Sciences]. Saint Petersburg, 2003, 159 p. (In Russian)
  14. Lloyd S. Ruined Cities of Iraq. London, Oxford University Press, 1942, 111 p.
  15. Brockhaus F.A., Efron I.A. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ [Encyclopedic Dictionary]. Vol. 39. Reprinted edition. 1890, Moscow, Terra Publ., 1992, 516 p. (In Russian)
  16. Voronina V.L. Srednevekovyy gorod arabskikh stran [Medieval City of the Arab Countries]. Moscow, VNIITAG Goskomarkhitektury Publ., 1991, 103 p. (In Russian)
  17. Gritsak E.N. Kordova i Granada. Pamyatniki vsemirnogo naslediya [Cordoba and Granada. World Heritage Sites]. Moscow, Veche Publ., 2006, 224 p. (In Russian)
  18. Nikityuk O.D. Kordova. Granada. Sevil'ya. Drevnie tsentry Andalusii [Cordoba. Granada. Seville. Ancient Centers of Andalusia]. Goroda i muzei mira [Cities and Museums of the World]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1972, 192 p. (In Russian)
  19. Prina F. Arkhitektura: elementy, formy, materialy : Entsiklopediya iskusstva [Architecture: Elements, Forms, Materials : Encyclopedia of Art]. Translated from Italian. Moscow, Omega Publ., 2010, 384 p. (In Russian)
  20. Sidorova N.A., Starodub T.Kh. Goroda Sirii. Goroda i muzei mira [The Cities of Syria. Ciries and Museums of the World]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1972, 231 p. (In Russian)
  21. Khodzhash S.I. Kair. Goroda i muzei mira [Cairo. Cities and Museums of the World]. 2nd edition. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1975, 184 p. (In Russian)
  22. Favvaz al’-Dakhir. Kul’tovaya arkhitektura arabskikh stran Blizhnego Vostoka i Tsentral’noy Azii (genezis, evolyutsiya, istoriko-arkhitekturnye sopostavleniya) : avtoreferat dissertatsii. …. kandidata arkhitaktury [The Iconic Architecture of the Arab Countries of the Middle East and Central Asia (Genesis, Evolution, Historical and Architectural Mapping) : Abstract of the Dissertation of the Candidate of Architecture]. Bishkek, 2001, 23 p. (In Russian)
  23. Kartsev V.N. Zodchestvo Afganistana [Architecture of Afghanistan]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1986, 248 p. (In Russian)
  24. Richer X. Syrie. Paris, Delroisse, 1975, 192 p.
  25. Shuazi O. Istoriya arkhitektury : v 2-kh tomakh [History of Architecture in two Volumes]. Translated from French. Moscow, Vsesoyuznaya akademiya arkhitektury Publ., 1937, vol. 1, 298 p. (In Russian)
  26. Ivyanskaya I.S. Mir zhilishcha: Arkhitektura. Dizayn. Stroitel’stvo. Istoriya. Traditsii. Tendentsii [World of the Home: Architecture. Design. Construction. History. Tradition. Trends]. Moscow, Dograf Publ., 2000, 304 p. (In Russian)

Скачать статью

Wood in the modern architectureof small forms

Вестник МГСУ 5/2015
  • Samol’kina Elena Grigor’evna - Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU) postgraduate student, Depart- ment of Architectural Design, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU), 65 Il’inskaya str., Nizhniy Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .

Страницы 7-18

The modern world dictates severe conditions, involving people in a continuous process of changes in the environment. Active building and construction work, urban densification are rapidly transforming environment, creating a new architectural space with intense impact on people. In this regard, there is much tension around the issue of provision of urban amenities, forming comfortable environment for a full human life. The comfort of the urban environment is determined by a set of visual perception of the constituent elements of this environment: architecture, design, landscape and their harmonious unity with nature. A remarkable component of visual perception, making urban space aesthetically appealing, is small architecture.Small architecture in Russia has always played a special role. Being perceived in the context of space, creating at the same time a certain mood and emotions, small forms diversified architectural environment, making it aesthetically appealing. The question about the direction of urban policy in the field of provision of urban amenities was made in 1921, when the first Congress on improvement of populated areas took place. With this legislation originated overall urban development approach as inseparable system layout of the city, its architectural appearance and landscaping. Architectural workshops developed model projects of small forms with recommendations for improvement, which helped to inexpensively create individual features in urban development. At present, the provision of urban amenities have moved to a new level, becoming more grandscale, capital-intensive.The main requirements for small architectural forms are to create a harmonious space, the fusion of architecture with the natural elements. The most harmonious perception of small architectural forms in the environment is achieved through the use of natural building materials. The use of natural materials in urban environment represents nature, creates a comfortable environment psychologically close to a person. Wood, among other natural materials, has an undoubted advantage. Absolute compatibility, unique design quality, expressive possibilities of the material and its ability to form a comfortable living environment, harmoniously combined with other materials, provide greater demand for wood in modern architecture.In the architecture of small forms wood is used everywhere: on the territories of residential quarters, parks and recreation areas, areas of office and commercial development, road environment, etc. A leading role in shaping the public space belongs to small structures for various functional purposes, such as benches, gazebos, sheds, sports facilities, children’s playgrounds.In the modern wooden architecture of small forms two directions are clearly traced. In the first one there is the desire to escape from the boring similar forms, transforming small architectural forms in art objects representing not only material, but also artistic value. The second direction is based on the centuries-old practice of folk art. Having been formed for centuries folk culture and national traditions fully meet the artistic tastes of the modern society. Summing up, it should be noted that the use of wood in architecture of small forms is a universal solution to shape the ecological framework of the urban environment, which is especially important in solving the problems of the modern city.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2015.5.7-18

Библиографический список
  1. Stiles R. Urban Spaces — Enhancing the Attractiveness and Quality of the Urban Environment. Vienna University of Technology, 2009, 86 p.
  2. Sviderskiy V.M. Malye arkhitekturnye formy : Ogrady, fonari, vazy, skam’i [Small Architectural Forms : Fencing, Lamps, Vases, Benches]. Kiev, Izdatel’stvo Akademii arkhitektury Ukrainskoy SSR Publ., 1953, 216 p. (In Russian)
  3. Lemytskaya D.E., Kharlantov T.V. Opyt primeneniya malykh arkhitekturnykh form v zhiloy zastroyke 1930—1950-kh godov (Na primere istoricheskikh gorodov Krasnoyarskogo kraya) [Experience in the Use of Small Architectural Forms in Residential Areas 1930—1950-Ies (On the Example of the Historical Cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory)]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2011, no. 34 (Appendix). Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2011_22/38.Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)4. Rottle Nancy, Yocom Ken. Basics Landscape Architecture 02: Ecological Design. AVA Publishing (UK) Ltd., 2011, 178 p.
  4. Gel’fond A.L. Arkhitekturnoe proektirovanie obshchestvennykh prostranstv [Architectural Design of Public Spaces]. N. Novgorod, NNGASU Publ., 2013, 265 p. (In Russian)
  5. Sevan O. Small Forms of Wooden Architecture of the Russian North: Fences, Gates, Wicket Doors and Retaining Walls. Project Baikal. 2013, no. 36. Available at: http://www.projectbaikal.com/index.php/pb/article/view/137.Date of access: 22.10.2014.
  6. Oreshko A.N. Primenenie dereva v arkhitekture kak sposob gumanizatsii gorodskoy sredy [The Use of Wood in Architecture as a Way of Humanization of Urban Environment]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2009, no. 26 (Appendix). Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2009_22/5.Date of access: 05.03.2015. (In Russian)
  7. Wolley H. Urban Open Spaces. London, Spon Press, 2003, 260 p.
  8. Mavlikaeva G.S. Osobennosti igrovogo prostranstva v sovremennoy urbanizirovannoy srede [Features of Player Space in Modern Urbanized Environment]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2012, no. 38 (Appendix). Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2012_22/9.Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)
  9. Goncharova N.S. Sadovo-parkovaya semantika — klyuch dlya resheniya problem obraznosti i emotsional’noy nasyshchennosti ob”ektov landshaftnoy arkhitektury [Gardening Semantics — the Key to Solve the Problems of Imagery and Emotional Richness of Landscape Architecture]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2004, no. 7. Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2004_2/15.Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)
  10. Novoe derevyannoe [New Wooden]. Archiwood. Available at: http://www.archiwood.ru/new_wood/.Date of access: 21.10.2014. (In Russian)
  11. ARKhIWOOD: Katalog premii 2012 [Archiwood. Award Catalogue 2012]. Ekaterinburg, Aster-Ek Publ., 2012, 128 p. (In Russian)
  12. Ivanov G.P., Voroshilin S.I., Pletnev M.V., Kokovikhin I.Yu., Fomin N.I. Sovremennye peshekhodnye mosty [Modern Footbridges]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2009, no. 25. Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2009_1/4.Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)
  13. ARKhIWOOD: Katalog premii 2013 [Archiwood. Award Catalogue 2013]. Ekaterinburg, OAO IPP «Ural’skiy rabochiy» Publ., 2013, 128 p. (In Russian)
  14. Kurochkin V.A. Ekologicheskaya tematika v gorodskom art-dizayne [Ecological Theme in City Art Design]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2013, no. 42. Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2013_2/16. Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)
  15. Konkurs dlya molodykh khudozhnikov i dizaynerov na luchshee mesto dlya potseluev ot Martini Art Club [Competition for Young Artists and Designers for the Best Place for Kisses from Martini Art Club]. Arhimir web site. Available at: http://www.arhimir.ru/blog/3246.html.Date of access: 21.10.2014. (In Russian)
  16. Kikot’ D.V., Kozyrenko N.E. Dizayn gorodskoy infrastruktury [Design of Urban Infrastructure]. Novye idei novogo veka : materialy Odinnadtsatoy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii IAS TOGU: v 2-kh tomakh [New Ideas of the New Century : the International Scientific Conference Proceedings of FAD PNU: in Two Volumes]. Khabarovsk, Izdatel’stvo Tikhookeanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Publ., 2011, vol. 1, pp. 490—492. (In Russian)
  17. McHarg Ian L. Design with Nature. Garden City, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1992, 198 p.
  18. Lakhtin K.I., Simonova I.N., Simonov S.I. Osnovnye printsipy proektirovaniya ostanovok obshchestvennogo transporta [The Basic Principles of Public Transport Stops Designing]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Donbasskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta [DonSTU Scientific Works Collection]. 2013, no. 41, pp. 206—213. (In Russian)
  19. Dutsev M.V. Arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennoe formirovanie otkrytykh gorodskikh prostranstv (na primere evropeyskikh gorodov) [Architectural and Artistic Formation of Urban Open Spaces (on the Example European cities)]. Arkhitekton : izvestiya vuzov [Architecton : Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2012, no. 40. Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2012_4/4.Date of access: 22.10.2014. (In Russian)

Скачать статью

Wooden facade decor in the aspect of energy saving

Вестник МГСУ 8/2014
  • Samol'kina Elena Grigor'evna - Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU) postgraduate student, Department of Architectural Design, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU), 65 Ilyinskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .

Страницы 20-27

In the world of today, issues of the relationship between society and nature are becoming more relevant. A process of continuous development of industrial and social activities and the negative interference in the environment cause damage to the unique biosphere. The dynamics of destructive processes necessitates conducting activities in accordance with the fundamental laws of nature. One way of solving these problems is to create a harmonious architectural environment that has minimal impact on the environment of the surrounding countryside. An important factor in the process of "sustainable architecture" formation is the use of the building materials, which are safe for humans and the environment. Special role in this aspect is played by wood possessing unquestionable priority in "sustainable architecture". Wood is a renewable natural material with unique properties. Wastelessness, low thermal conductivity, strength, unique texture, ease of processing and other quality wood help to create cozy and comfortable environment. From the perspective of ecological and energy problems the use of wood in architecture has a special role as the most optimal solution to these issues. In Russia construction of energy efficient buildings is at an early stage of development. To date, the power consumption of the existing residential and public buildings in Russia is on average about three times higher than in technically advanced countries of Scandinavia with similar climatic conditions. At the same time the tendency to steady growth of non-renewable energy resources leads to the need to improve the thermal protection of buildings. The problem of thermal protection of buildings in architecture led to widespread use of ventilated facades. Constructive solution is to install the layer of insulation on the exterior walls and to fasten cladding materials to the frame to form an air gap for air circulation. Finishing materials perform architectural function. The most common facing materials of natural origin include wooden facades. Demand for such kind of structures in contemporary architecture is explained by wide possibilities of architectural and artistic facades. Facade decor made of wood is various, it tends to be unusual, with exclusive forms, eliminating unnecessary luxury. Valuable wood panels, board with logs imitation, block house, facade boards (planken), the wood tile (shingle), etc. can be used in decoration. A large number of wooden facing materials allow to create wooden facades of different styles, and the texture and wood shades form a harmonious environment. Among the various methods of using wooden decor the most common technique is outplaying of wood texture. Wood is treated with special impregnation to give effect of the natural aging, wood is also tinted, creating a color contrast of house planes, and then is coloured, imitating the texture of precious wood. Wooden facade decor fully solves not only the problem of architectural expressiveness of structures, but also the problem of energy saving, which is especially important in the context of the global crisis. The unique capabilities of the tree, its ability to be in harmony with other materials form a comfortable environment, providing a favorable psychological impact.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2014.8.20-27

Библиографический список
  1. Thayer Robert. Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature, and the Sustainable Landscape. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
  2. Union Internationale des Architectes. Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future. UIA/AIA World Congress of Architects, Chicago, June 18—21, 1993. Available at: http://server.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/2aaf1.html. Date of access: 03.05.2014.
  3. Zhukov A.D., Smirnova T.V., Naumova N.V., Mustafayev R.M. Sistemy ekologicheski ustoychivogo stroitel'stva [Environmentally Sustainable Building Systems]. Stroitel'stvo: nauka i obrazovanie [Construction: Science and Education]. 2013, no. 3. Available at: http://nsojournal.ru/public/journals/1/issues/2013/03/4.pdf. Date of access: 06.07.2014.
  4. Lawson B. Embodied Energy of Building Materials. The Environmental Design Guide, Pro 2, Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Canberra, 1998, pp. 4—5.
  5. Bad'in G.M. Stroitel'stvo i rekonstruktsiya maloetazhnogo energoeffektivnogo doma [Construction and Reconstruction of Low-rise Energy Efficient House]. St. Petersburg, BKhVPetersburg, 2011, 422 p.
  6. Korolev D.Y. Okrashivanie naruzhnykh ograzhdeniy materialami novogo pokoleniya dlya energosberegayushchey ekspluatatsii zdaniy [Painting of External Walls by New Generation Materials for Energy Efficient Operation of Buildings]. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Vysokie tekhnologii. Ekologiya [Scientific Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Engineering. Series: High Technologies. Ecology]. 2011, no. 1, pp. 128—131.
  7. Kuz'menko D.V., Vatin N.I. Novyy tip ograzhdayushchey konstruktsii — termopanel' [New Type of Walling — Thermopanel]. StroyPROFIl' [Construction Profile], 2008, no. 6, pp. 32—36.
  8. Semenova E.E., Kosheleva D.S. Issledovaniya po primeneniyu energosberegayushchikh resheniy pri proektirovanii grazhdanskikh zdaniy [Research on Application of Energysaving Solutions in the Design of Civil Buildings]. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Vysokie tekhnologii. Ekologiya [Scientific Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Engineering. Series: High Technologies. Ecology]. 2011, no. 1, pp. 150—153.
  9. Semenova E.E., Ovsyannikova M.A. Sovremennye resheniya teplozashchity naruzhnykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy [Modern Solutions for the Heat Insulation of External Enclosing Structures]. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturnostroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Vysokie tekhnologii. Ekologiya [Scientific Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Architecture and Engineering. Series: High Technologies. Ecology]. 2011, no. 1, pp. 154—157.
  10. Wooden Facades. Riko Haus. Available at: http://www.riko-hise.si/en/products-andsolutions/wooden-facades. Date of access: 06.07.2014.
  11. Oreshko A.N. Primenenie dereva v arkhitekture kak sposob gumanizatsii gorodskoy sredy [The Use of Wood in Architecture as a Way of Humanization the Urban Environment]. Arkhitekton: Izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education]. 2009, no 26 (Appendix). Available at: http://archvuz.ru/2009_22/5. Date of access: 06.07.2014.
  12. Malinin N., Gonsales E., Shovskaya T. Novoe derevyannoe 1999—2009 [New Wooden 1999—2009]. Ekaterinburg, TATLIN Publ., 2010, 312 p.
  13. ARKhIWOOD : Katalog premii 2013 [ARCHIWOOD : Product Award 2013]. Ekaterinburg, TATLIN Publ., 2013, 128 p.
  14. Detskiy klub [Children Club]. Byuro Praktika [Practice Bureau]. Available at: http://bureau-praktika.ru/projects/Perovo-kids-club. Date of access: 03.05.2014.
  15. Dom v Yaroslavskoy oblasti [House in Yaroslavl Region]. Arkhitekturnoe byuro DK [Architectural Bureau DK]. Available at: http://www.dainov-dk.ru/ru/projects/18. Date of access: 06.07.2014.

Cкачать на языке оригинала

Raising the biostability of wood by modifying its surface by boron-nitrogen compounds

Вестник МГСУ 11/2013
  • Stepina Irina Vasil'evna - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of General Chemistry, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), Yaroslavskoye shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .
  • Kotlyarova Irina Aleksandrovna - Bryansk State Technical University (BGTU) Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bryansk State Technical University (BGTU), 7, Bul'var 50-letiya Oktyabrya, Bryansk, 241035, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .
  • Sidorov Vyacheslav Ivanovich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Professor, Department of General Chemistry, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, 129337, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .
  • Myasoedov Evgeniy Mikhaylovich - Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI); Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI); Professor, Department of General Chemistry, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI); Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), 38 Bol’shaya Semenovskaya str., Moscow, 107023, Russian Federation; 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; Этот e-mail адрес защищен от спам-ботов, для его просмотра у Вас должен быть включен Javascript .

Страницы 149-154

The author studies the biological stability of pine wood samples modified by immersion for 3 hours in 10 %, 30 % and 50 % aqueous solutions of monoand diethanolamine (N → B) threehydrousborat (composition 1 and 2, respectively). After drying to constant weight, the surface of the samples according to the all-Union State Standard 9.048 was infested with a suspention with a concentration of 1—2 million / ml of fungic spores. The samples were placed into an open petri dish in a desiccator and maintained under conditions optimal for the growth of mycelium.During the experiment, the following results were obtained. Unmodified wood samples were covered with mushrooms at the 80—85 % of the surface. A rapid development of all kinds of test cultures and sporulation of the fungus was observed. The samples of wood, modified by the 10 % aqueous solutions of compounds 1 and 2, revealed heavy mycelium growth of mold and wood-destroying fungi. The development stage of fungi according to the All-Union State Standard 9.048—89 corresponds to 3 points. Wood samples, modified by 30 % aqueous solutions, are more fungus-resistant, their score is2 points. The modification by 50 % aqueous solutions of compounds 1 and 2 provides the wood with 100 % biological stability in regard to the mold and wood-destroying fungi.Climatic tests were carried out in the heat and moisture chamber G-4 according to All-Union State Standard 9.308—85 (Method 6) and 9.054—75 (method 1). Test results showed that due to such properties as weather resistance and fungal resistance, the protective action durability of the developed compositions makes up 5 years for 10 % solutions of compounds 1 and 2, up to 10 years for the 30 % solutions and for 50 % solutions — not less than 20 years. Thus, 50 % aqueous solutions of compositions 1 and 2 (Ksilostat and Ksilostat +) are the most effective for wood modification, which could provide the modified sample with 100 % biological stability for at least 20 years as a result of surface treatment.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2013.11.149-154

Библиографический список
  1. Shupe T.S., Lebow S.T., Ring D. Causes and control of wood decay, degradation and stain. Res. & Ext. Pub, no. 2703, Zachary, LA, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 2008, 27 p.
  2. Mzhachikh E.I., Sukhareva L.A., Yakovlev V.V. Biokorroziya i fiziko-khimicheskie puti povysheniya dolgovechnosti pokrytiya [Biocorrosion and Physico-chemical Ways to Improve the Coating Durability]. Praktika protivokorrozionnoy zashchity [Experience of Anticorrosve Protection]. 2006, no. 1, pp. 55—58.
  3. Pokrovskaya E.N., Koval'chuk Yu.L. Khimiko-mikologicheskie issledovaniya i uluchshenie ekologii vnutri zdaniy [Chemical Analysis, Mycological Examination and Improvement of the Indoor Ecology]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2012, no. 8, pp. 181—188.
  4. Lugauskas A., Yaskelyavichyus B. Mikologicheskoe sostoyanie zhilykh pomeshcheniy Bil'nyusa [Mycological State of the Accomodations in Bilnyusa]. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya [Mycology and Phytophathology]. 2009, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 207—215.
  5. Dashko R.E., Kotyukov P.V. Issledovanie bioagressivnosti podzemnoy sredy Sankt-Peterburga po otnosheniyu k konstruktsionnym materialam transportnykh tonneley i fundamentov [The Study on the Bioagressiveness of the Underground Environment in St. Petersburg in Relation to Construction Materials of Transport Tunnels and Basements]. Zapiski Gornogo Instituta [Proceedings of the Mining Academy]. 2007, vol. 172, pp. 217—220.
  6. Kukoleva D.A., Akhmetshin A.S., Stroganov I.V., Stroganov V.F. Biopovrezhdenie polimernykh kompozitsionnykh stroitel'nykh materialov [Biodeterioration of Polymer Composite Building Materials]. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta [Proceedings of Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering]. 2009, no. 2 (12), pp. 257—262.
  7. Lebow S.T. Wood Preservation. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–190. Madison, WI, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010, chapter 15.
  8. Lebow S., Lebow P., Halverson S. Penetration of boron from topically applied borate solutions. Forest Products Journal. 2010, 60(1), pp. 13—22.
  9. Kotlyarova I.A., Koteneva I.V., Sidorov V.I. Modifikatsiya tsellyulozy monoetanolamin(N?B)trigidroksiboratom [Modification of Cellulose by Monoethanolamine(N?B) threehydrousborat]. Khimicheskaya promyshlennost' segodnya [Chemical Industry Today]. 2011, no. 12, pp. 26—30.
  10. Koteneva I.V., Sidorov V.I., Kotlyarov I.A. Analiz modifitsirovannoy tsellyulozy metodom IK-spektroskopii [Analysis of the Modified Cellulose by the Infrared Spectroscopy]. Khimiya rastitel'nogo syr'ya [Chemistry of Plant Materials]. 2011, no.1, pp. 21—24.

Cкачать на языке оригинала

FIRE- BIO-RETARDING COMPOSITION FOR WOOD WITH EFFECTIVE SMOKE-QUENCHING COMPONENTS

Вестник МГСУ 10/2015
  • Pokrovskaya Elena Nikolaevna - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of General Chemistry, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation.
  • Portnov Fedor Aleksandrovich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) postgraduate student, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Integrated Safety in Construction, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation.

Страницы 106-114

Wood is a combustible building material. In case of fire in buildings constructed with the use of wood and wood-based materials, there is a risk of rapid fire spread and increases the risk of death from the integrated impact of such hazards as a high ambient temperature, smoke and toxicity of combustion products. The influence of surface treatment of wood by the compositions based on alkyl ethers phosphorous acids on fire hazard of wood was studied. In the work the following methods were used for determining fire properties of modified wood: method for determining the fire-resistance rating, the method for determining the class of low flammability substances and materials, the method of experimental determination of flame spread index, the method of experimental determination of the smoke ability of solid substances and materials. As a result of tests concluded that compositions based on dimethylphosphite and diethylphosphite have high fire retardant efficiency. Bio protection of modified wood was determined according to State Standards GOST 9.048-89. In accordance with this GOST, wood surface was modified with tested compounds, brought up to constant weight in the desiccator, and then infected by spores of Aspergillusniger van Tieghem, Aspergillusserreus Thom, Aureobasidiumpullulans (de Вагу) Amaud, Paecilomycesvaioti Bainier, Penicilliumfuniculosum Thom, Penicilliumochrochloron Biourge, Scopuiahopsisbrevicaulis Bainier, Trichodermaviride Pers Ex Fr. As a result of testing of the original wood samples in tropical climates within 28 days the wood surface was grown with mushrooms at 80...85 % of the surface. Based on the results it can be concluded that the most effective protective compounds for wood are esters of phosphorous acid, in particular, diethyl phosphite, which is an effective smoke suppressor.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2015.10.106-114

Библиографический список
  1. Luk”yanov A.M., Korol’chenko D.A., Agapov A.G. O pozharoopasnosti drevesiny pri vozvedenii mostov [On the Fire Hazard of Wood While Building Bridges]. Mir transporta: teoriya, istoriya, konstruirovanie budushchego [The World of Transport: Theory, History, Construction of the Future]. 2012, no. 4 (42), pp. 158—162. (In Russian)
  2. Agapov A.G., Korol’chenko D.A. Promyshlennaya bezopasnost’ pri rekonstruktsii i stroitel’stve novykh mostov [Industrial Safety While Constructing and Rehabilitating Bridges]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2011, no. 1, pp. 434—439. (In Russian)
  3. Bobacz D. Behavior of Wood in Case of Fire. Vdm Verlag Dr Mueller E K., 2008, 312 p.
  4. Baratov A.N., Pchelintsev V.A. Pozharnaya bezopasnost’ [Fire Safety]. Moscow, ASV Publ., 1997, 176 p. (In Russian)
  5. Ushkov V.A., Nevzorov D.I., Kopytin A.V., Lalayan V.M. Vosplamenyaemost’ i dymoobrazuyushchaya sposobnost’ polimernykh materialov, soderzhashchikh proizvodnye ferrotsena [Flammability and Smoke-Forming Ability of Polymeric Materials Containing Ferrocene Derivatives]. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’ [Fire and Explosion Safety]. 2014, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 27—35. (In Russian)
  6. Shcheglov P.P., Ivannikov V.L. Pozharoopasnost’ polimernykh materialov [Fire Hazards of Polymeric Materials]. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1992, 110 p. (In Russian)
  7. Butcher E.G., Parnell A.C. Smoke Control in Fire Safety Design. London, E.&F. N. Spon, 1979, 178 p.
  8. Aseeva R.M., Serkov B.B., Sivenkov A.B. Gorenie drevesiny i ee pozharoopasnye svoystva [burning of Wood and Its Flammable Properties]. Moscow, Akademiya GPS MChS Rossii Publ., 2010, 262 p. (In Russian)
  9. Aseeva R.M., Zaikov G.E. Gorenie polimernykh materialov [Combustion of Polymeric Materials]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981, 280 p. (In Russian)
  10. Kobelev A.A. Razrabotka kompleksnogo ognebiovlagozashchitnogo sostava na osnove soedineniy, obespechivayushchikh poverkhnostnuyu modifikatsiyu drevesiny: dissertatsiya kandidata tekhnicheskikh nauk [Development of Complex Fire and Moisture Resistant Structure Based on Connections for Surface Modification of Wood. Dissertation of the Candidate of Technical Sciences]. Moscow, Akademiya GPS MChS Rossii Publ., 2012, 128 p. (In Russian)
  11. Sultanov M.T., Sadykov M.M., Muratova U.M., Tashpulatov Yu.T., Usmanov Kh.U. Ingibirovanie goreniya tsellyulozy fosforsoderzhashchimi soedineniyami [Inhibition of Cellulose Burning by Phosphorus-Containing Compounds]. Khimiya drevesiny [Wood Chemistry]. 1986, no. 6, pp. 47—49. (In Russian)
  12. Taubkin S.I. Sposoby i sredstva ognezashchity drevesiny [Ways and Methods of Fire Protection of Wood]. Moscow, Izd-vo Narkomkhoza RSFSR Publ., 1944, 230 p. (In Russian)
  13. Pokrovskaya E.N., Portnov F.A., Kobelev A.A., Korol’chenko D.A. Dymoobrazuyushchaya sposobnost’ i toksichnost’ produktov sgoraniya drevesnykh materialov pri poverkhnostnom modifitsirovanii elementoorganicheskimi soedineniyami [Smoke Generation Property and Combustion Toxicity of Wood Products Modified by Organoelemental Compounds]. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’ [Fire and Explosion Safety]. 2013, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 40—45. (In Russian)
  14. Pokrovskaya E.N., Kobelev A.A., Naganovskiy Yu.K. Mekhanizm i effektivnost’ ognezashchity fosforkremniyorganicheskikh sistem dlya drevesiny [Mechanism and Efficiency of Flame Retardance of Phosphorussiliconorganic Systems for Wood]. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’ [Fire and Explosion Safety]. 2009, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 44—48. (In Russian)
  15. Domburg G.E., Dobele G.V. Termokataliticheskie prevrashcheniya tsellyulozy i lignina v prisutstvii fosfornoy kisloty [Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose and Lignin in the Presence of Phosphoric Acid]. Khimiya drevesiny [Wood Chemistry]. 1988, no. 3, pp. 97—104. (In Russian)
  16. Makovskiy Yu.L. Ognezashchita drevesnykh materialov efirami fosforistoy kisloty : dissertatsiya kandidata tekhnicheskikh nauk [Fire Protection of Wood Materials by Phosphorous Acid Esters : Dissertation of the Candidate of Technical Sciences]. Moscow, VIPTSh Publ., 1992, 138 p. (In Russian)
  17. Pokrovskaya E.N. Sokhranenie pamyatnikov derevyannogo zodchestva s pomoshch’yu elementoorganicheskikh soedineniy. Khimiko-fizicheskie osnovy uvelicheniya dolgovechnosti drevesiny [Preservation of the Monuments of Wooden Architecture with Organoelement Compounds. Chemical-Physical Basis of Wood Tread Life]. Moscow, ASV Publ., 2009, 136 p. (In Russian)
  18. GOST R 53292—2009. Ognezashchitnye sostavy i veshchestva dlya drevesiny i materialov na ee osnove. Obshchie trebovaniya. Metody ispytaniy [State Standard GOST R 53292—2009. Flame Retardants and Wood Substances and Materials Based on Wood. General Requirements. Test Methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009, 200 p. (In Russian)
  19. GOST 12.1044—89. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’ veshchestv i materialov. Nomenklatura pokazateley i metody ikh opredeleniya [State Standard GOST 12.1044—89. Fire and Explosion Hazard of Substances and Materials. Nomenclature of Indices and Methods of Their Determination]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006, 100 p. (In Russian)
  20. Karlik V.M., Migacheva E.A. Razrabotka sposobov zashchity materialov ot biopovrezhdeniy i ognya [Developing ways to protect materials against biological damage and fire]. Biopovrezhdeniya i biokorroziya v stroitel’stve : materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferentsii [Proceedings of the International Scientific and Technical Conference “Biodeterioration and Biocorrosion in Construction]. Saransk, Izdatel’stvo Mordovskogo universiteta Publ., 2004, pp. 218—220. (In Russian)
  21. Koteneva I.V. Povyshenie biostoykosti i gidrofobnosti drevesiny putem modifitsirovaniya fosfor- i kremniyorganicheskimi soedineniyami : dissertatsiya kandidata tekhnicheskikh nauk [Increasing the Hydrophobicity and the Biological Stability of Wood by Modifying Phosphorus and Silicon Compounds. Dissertation of the Candidate of Technical Sciences]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2004, 146 p. (In Russian)
  22. Gorshina E.S. Biopovrezhdeniya derevyannykh postroek [Biodegradation of Wooden Constructions]. Biopovrezhdeniya i biokorroziya v stroitel’stve : materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferentsii [Proceedings of the International Scientific and Technical Conference “Biodeterioration and Biocorrosion in Construction]. Saransk, Izdatel’stvo Mordovskogo universiteta Publ., 2004, pp. 184—188. (In Russian)
  23. Klimov V.I., editor. Pozhary i pozharnaya bezopasnost’ v 2011 g. Statisticheskiy sbornik [Fires and fire safety in the 2011. Statistical Digest]. Moscow, VNIIPO MChS Rossii Publ., 2012, 137 p. (In Russian)

Скачать статью

Результаты 1 - 5 из 5