"Вестник МГСУ"

Historically, Moscow architecture in its development has been following the political trends of the Russian society, and it is clearly reflected in the appearance and quality of Moscow buildings. The author discusses the most observable features and structural principles attributed to Soviet architecture in the middle of the 20th century and uses Moscow monuments as examples. The article is based on the analysis and systematization of spatial planning, architectural, design, and historical sources considering post-war Moscow architecture. The author proposes a historical approach to the problem of correlation between the architecture and post-war Soviet socio-cultural realities. The development of architecture demonstrates different features in different historical epochs. The victorious end of the World War II and crushing defeat of German Nazism generated intensive growth of patriotic emotions in the Soviet society. Heroic tunes and patriotic motives became the brightest features in Soviet architecture. The development of the Soviet architecture between 1945-1955 was determined by different factors. The author discusses the problem of consistency between the existing architectural environment of Moscow city centre and new architectural planning solutions, created by D.N. Chechulin. The importance of historical continuity and consistency of spatial planning policies of the urban development documentation such as the Master plot plan of Moscow (1951) is emphasized. New relations between Soviet government and Russian Orthodox Church were established in the end of the 1940s. Thereby, Soviet architects widely used the decorative elements and compositional principles of ancient Russian architecture. The column order of the Empire style became a required sample for Soviet architects. This style is built according to classical rules, although it has substantial deviations. The Government directives and skills of architects developed an own language of architectural forms typical for so-called “Stalin’s Empire” style.

Heat-protective qualities of building structures are determined by the qualities of the used materials, adequate design solutions and construction and installation work of high quality. This rule refers both to the structures made of materials similar in their structure and nature and mixed, combined by a construction system. The necessity to ecaluate thermal conductivity is important for a product and for a construction. Methods for evaluating the thermal protection of walls are based on the methods of calculation, on full-scale tests in a laboratory or on objects. At the same time there is a reason to believe that even deep and detailed calculation may cause deviation of the values from real data. Using finite difference method can improve accuracy of the results, but it doesn’t solve all problems. The article discusses new approaches to evaluating thermal insulation properties of walls. The authors propose technique of accurate measurement of thermal insulation properties in single blocks and fragments of walls and structures.

Currently, the waste industry is being perceived more as a raw material for producing the desired products. That is the result of waste production expanding and the improvement of processing of materials technology. Most part of waste recycling falls on construction technology. If waste recycling is used in building constructions there may be possible negative effects of heavy metals emission. Large waste volumes make it possible to develop heterogeneous waste recycling effects such as mutual neutralization of synergy and the improvement of consumer qualities of the obtained materials. Basing on summarized results of waste heterogeneous co-recycling research it was possible to find ways of construction materials potential preparation. Methodological principles are based on best available technologies principles. The presented paper sets targets, methods and tools to achieve them. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics may vary depending on the tasks to be implemented. It was stated that the effective counteraction of wastes reduced the emission of heavy metals on the account of mutual neutralization and the shift of water-soluble composition to fix form. The obtained material in relation to its consumer properties is as good as its raw material analogy.

The authors present a fairly extensive analysis of the state of the cereal crop industry in the Republic of Tajikistan and other regions of East and South-East Asia. Problems of generation of a huge amount of waste in the course of processing of cereals, in particular, rice straw processing by-products, are raised by the authors. The authors propose their original solution to the problems in question. Besides, traditional and original methods of application of rice straw in low-rise construction and production of building materials are presented in the article. The major part of the article covers traditional methods of disposal of rice straw as a raw material used in the production of cellulose, lignin biodegradable plastic, paper, cardboard, wicker products, thermal energy, etc. Another important issue, covered in the article, is the study of the straw/husk burning process, as well as the possibility of generating ash that contains various forms of silica. The fact that the ash content of the straw, according to various sources, varies within the range of16–20 %, and its silica content may be up to 89–91 % make it possible for the authors to state that straw and husk ash can be used as an active mineral additive in the production of effective building materials. It is noteworthy that the problems raised in the article are relevant, and their practical solutions are feasible.

The authors argue that the use of pyrometers can be recommended for a limited number of
tasks. The method of spectral brightness conversion proposed by the authors serves as the founding
principle of a universal measuring device that has a low rate of errors. This method is effective
at different wavelengths.
The number of errors is reduced two-fold: first, the number of instrument-related errors is
reduced through increasing the sensitivity of the pyrometer and identifi cation of the finest pyrometry
ratio. Second, the authors suggest using, at least, three effective wavelengths to register the
spectral brightness. Moreover, the authors believe that the reduction of the systematic error of the
measured optical transition temperature designated for the derivation of its genuine values requires
the right choice of an effective wavelength so that the equivalent wavelength of the double spectral
ratio became infinitely big. This methodology makes it possible to derive an independent pyrometry
equation to identify unknown emissivity factors within three wavelengths. Thus, the pyrometric system
does not only take different temperature measurements, but also serves for the simultaneous
determination of monochromatic emissive power in the online mode, which is essential for the purposes
of taking measurements in the course of production of construction materials.

Environmentally safe construction products are materials and products of construction purpose made of renewable natural resources and natural environment components with minimum spend of natural resources and energy, and the process of handling thereof (extraction of raw materials for production of the aforesaid materials and products, manufacture, transportation, use in engineering structures, processing, recycling, burial in natural environment) does not adversely affect neither humans nor environment. The article considers the basic historical stages of use of environmentally friendly construction materials in industrial and civil construction, starting from antiquity and ending with modern age. Review materials on the use of safe natural products such as wood, stone, thatch, peat, clay and other types of environmentally friendly materials in construction are presented. Properties of natural materials that ensure environmental safety of buildings, structures and premises, sanitary and hygienic requirements, coziness and comfort thereof for humans are analyzed. It is concluded that at present time the construction of high quality, comfortable, ecologically safe housing at affordable prices which is based on environmentally friendly technologies, resource and energy saving, construction materials safe for human health, should become one of the main priorities of economic and environmental policy of Russia.

At the present time industrial waste is considered to be an alternative to primary natural resources when producing construction materials and products. The use of industrial waste in the construction branch allows reducing ecological load on the environment and population as a result of reducing the amount of unrecyclable waste and reducing the use of primary natural resources. Though when involving waste products as raw material in the preparation of building materials there occur environmental risks of anthropogenic impact increase on the environment. These risks are related to possible emission of heavy metals from construction materials in use. The article describes a tool which allows predicting this issue, depending on the acidity of the medium, the residence time of the material in the environment. The experimental data obtained in determining the migration activity of metals from cement concretes to aqueous solutions served as the basis for the mathematical model. The proposed model allows us to make a prediction of anthropogenic impact on the environment and commensurate this impact with the possibility of assimilation of the environment area where the building materials are applied. This will allow conducting an effective assessment of the created and applied technologies of waste disposal, taking into account the operating conditions of the materials produced.