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ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT. RESTRUCTURING AND RESTORATION

Experience of restoration and reconstruction of architectural monuments: from engineering researches to projects implementation by scientists and students of MGSU

Vestnik MGSU 7/2014
  • Chernyshev Sergey Nikolaevich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences, Professor, Department of Engineering Geology and Geoecology, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Pages 18-27

For more than 20 years the author with his colleagues conducts engineering researches, design of restoration and reconstruction of various architectural monuments. Full cycles of works from engineering investigations to implementation of the own projects are executed on three objects: 1) architectural monument of the 19th century, the church in the museum preserve Abramtsevo (Moscow region), during 2005-2006; 2) a monument of Orthodox church history, a unique soil construction which is called "The Holy Ditch" in the village Diveevo (Nizhny Novgorod region) since 1997 to the present; 3) Church of Our Lady of Kazan also in Diveevo village during 1997-2002. For churches engineering researches are executed, calculations of the bases are made, ways of strengthening the bases are chosen, architectural projects of restoration are created. The church is restored by students under supervision of the experts from the university. The church in Diveevo was partially destroyed during the Soviet period. During restoration high-rise parts of the church were constructed. The works were performed by working restorers under control of the author of article in 2002-2004. Participation of students, masters, graduate students in restoration works had great educational value, gave to young people experience and knowledge. Students studied under professional restorers. Generalization is given in summary. D.S. Likhachyov's theory and our own experience are used. The principle of reconstructing barbarously destroyed engineering constructions, buildings and architectural complexes is formulated. It corresponds to the realities of the 21st century, new technological capabilities and requirements of modern society. Briefly: the reconstructed structure, in our opinion, has to face not only the past, but also the future. It is not always necessary to create the exact copy of the lost construction. Recreating the destroyed construction, it is necessary to apply new materials to increase the reliability and eliminate constructive imperfection of ancient constructions together with preserving old forms. Buildings and constructions have to be under construction anew mainly for performance of former functions, but the buildings have to meet modern requirements on the equipment and internal planning, modern technical norms. The project of the lost building needs to be made taking into account the change of environment. These provisions were successfully incarnated in the process of construction of St. Ditch in Diveev and they are also illustrated on the examples of the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and Frauenkiche in Dresden.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2014.7.18-27

References
  1. Paushkin G.A., Cherkasova L.I., Kryzhanovskiy A.L., Alekseev G.V. Problemy nadezhnosti osnovaniy i fundamentov khramovykh zdaniy na ostrove Anzer [Problems of Reliability of Bases and Foundations of Temple Buildings on the Island Anzer]. Problemy obespecheniya ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti stroitel'stva: 4 Denisovskie chteniya, sbornik [Proceedings of the 4th Denisov Readings: Problems of Ensuring Ecological Safety of Construction]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2008, pp. 126—134.
  2. Arts and Crafts. Von Morris bis Mackintosh — Reformbewegung zwischen Kunstgewerbe und Sozialutopie. Darmstadt, 1995, 152 S.
  3. Kunstlerkolonien in Europa im Zeichnen der Ebene und des Himmels. Ausstellungskatalog des Germanischen Nationalmuseums. Nurenberg, 2002, 124 S.
  4. Chernyshev S.N., Shcherbina E.V. Svyataya Bogorodichnaya Kanavka: prirodnye usloviya i tekhnicheskie resheniya po vossozdaniyu [St. Ditch: Environmental and Technical Solutions for Reconstruction]. Prirodnye usloviya stroitel'stva i sokhraneniya khramov Pravoslavnoy Rusi: sbornik trudov 2-go Mezhdunarodnogo nauchno-prakticheskogo simpoziuma [Proceeding of the 2-nd International Scientific and Practical Symposium "Environmental Conditions of Construction and Preservation of the Temples of Orthodox Russia]. Sergiev Posad, the Moscow Patriarchate Publ., 2005, pp. 247—253.
  5. Tserkov' Kazanskoy ikony Bozhiey Materi v Diveeve [Church of Our Lady of Kazan in Diveevo]. Moscow, Yabloko Publ., 2004, pp. 99—106.
  6. Kornilov A.M., Cherkasova L.I., Chernyshev S.N. Prognoz osadok fundamentov pravoslavnykh khramov pri ikh restavratsii s uchetom istorii nagruzheniya osnovaniya i osobennostey konstruktsii fundamentov na primere tserkvi Kazanskoy ikony Bozhiey Materi Sv.-Troitskogo Serafimo-Diveevskogo monastyrya [Forecast of Foundation Settlement of Orthodox Temples at their Restoration Taking into Account the History of the Basis Loading and Features of the Bases Design on the Example of Church of Our Lady of Kazan of St. Troitsky Serafimo-Diveevsky monastery]. Akademicheskie chteniya N.A.Tsytovicha: 2-e Denisovskie chteniya [Proceeding of the N.A.Tsytovich's academic readings: 2-nd Denisov readings]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2003, pp. 80—84.
  7. Darchiya V.I., Pashkevich S.A., Pulyaev I.S., Pustovgar A.P., Chernyshev S.N. Vliyanie usloviy osveshchennosti otkosov na ekspluatatsionnye svoystva geosinteticheskikh setok na osnove poliamida-6 / [Influence of Ambient Light on Slopes on the Performance Properties of Geosynthetic Grids Based on Polyamide-6]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2013, no. 12, pp. 101—108.
  8. Chernyshev S.N., Timofeev V.Yu. Merzlotnye i gibridnye inzhenerno-geologicheskie protsessy v glinistykh gruntakh sooruzheniy Svyatoy Bogorodichnoy kanavki [Frost and Hybrid Engineering Geological Processes in Clay Soil of the Constructions of the St. Ditch]. Inzhenernaya geologiya [Engineering Geology]. 2012, no. 6, pp. 68—72.
  9. Tazina N.G., Darchiya V.I. Sozdanie gazonnykh travostoev na ochen' krutykh sklonakh sil'noy zatenennosti v Diveeve [Creation the Lawn Herbages on Very Cool Slopes of Strong Opacity in Diveevo]. Resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii v lugovom kormoproizvodstve: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 100-letiyu kafedry lugovodstva. Sbornik [Resource-saving Technologies in a Meadow Forage Production. St. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference Devoted to the 100 Anniversary of the Chair of Grassland Culture]. SPbGAU Publ., 2013, pp. 240—245.
  10. Batsukh N., Chernyshtv S.N., Surmaagav M., Tkachev V.N. Influence of Engineering-Geological Conditions in the Mongolian Architecture. The Engineering Geology of Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites, Proceedings of International Symposium. IAEG, Athens, 1988, pp. 223—228.
  11. Likhachev D.S. Ekologiya kul'tury [Ecology of the Culture]. Moscow, 1979, no. 7, pp. 173—179.
  12. Chernyshev S.N. Ekologiya kul'tury — chast' ucheniya o noosfere, ideynoe osnovanie vossozdaniya zdaniy i sooruzheniy [Culture in Ecology — a Part of the Noosphere, the Ideological Base in Reconstruction]. Vestnik MGSU [Proceedings of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering]. 2013, no. 12, pp. 123—130.
  13. Volker Stoll, Carsten Leibenart. Geotechnische und Hydrogeologische Arbeiten fur den Wiederaufbau der Frauenkirche Dresden und deren Umfeld. Prirodnye usloviya stroitel'stva i sokhraneniya khramov pravoslavnoy Rusi: sbornik tezisov 5-go Mezhdunarodnogo nauchno-prakticheskogo simpoziuma [Proceeding of the 5th International Scientific and Practical Symposium "Environmental Conditions of Construction and Preservation of the Temples of Orthodox Russia]. N. Novgorod, 2013, pp. 41—49.

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Social, ethnical, cultural and confessional features of architectural heritage of monasteries

Vestnik MGSU 6/2014
  • Frolov Vladimir Pavlovich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Philosophy, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoye shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Pages 35-43

Monasteries, their activity and lifestyle have always played an important role in the culture of various nations. Monasteries are objects of cultural heritage. Their architecture is connected with national features on a nation, particular canons of Christian (orthodox, catholic), Buddhistic or other religion. The article describes ancient monasteries in Russia amid the global development, historical national characteristics monasteries are analyzed, as well as architectural ensembles, reflecting the function and role of monasteries in public life, showing their spiritual and cultural heritage, monastic tradition, the historical value of the monastic landscape and its conservation conditions, the inclusion of the monasteries in the world cultural heritage is noted.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2014.6.35-43

References
  1. Bol'shaya illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya [Big Illustrated Encyclopedia]. In 32 volumes. Moscow, AST, Astrel' Publ., 2010, vol. 18, p. 143.
  2. Komech A.I. Russkie monastyri. Istoriya i kul'tura X—XVII stoletiya [Russian Monasteries. History and Culture of X—XVII Centuries]. Moscow, Art-BMB Publ., 2001, p. 21.
  3. Klyuchevskiy V.O. Skazanie inostrantsev o Moskovskom gosudarstve [Legend of Foreigners about Muscovy]. Moscow, Prometey Publ., 1991, p. 167.
  4. Antonova L.V., Titova T.V. Arkhitekturnye shedevry Rossii [Architectural Masterpieces of Russia]. Moscow, Dom Slavyanskoy Knigi Publ., 2009, p. 44.
  5. Bryusova V.G. Ipat'evskiy monastyr' [Ipatiev Monastery]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1981, p. 27.
  6. Likhachev D.S., Savitskaya O.D. Arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennye pamyatniki [Solovetskikh ostrovov [Architectural and Artistic Monuments of the Solovetsky Islands]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1980, p. 32.
  7. Skopin V.V., Shchennikova L.A. Arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennyy ansambl' Solovetskogo monastyrya [Architectural Ensemble of the Solovetsky Monastery]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1981, p. 53.
  8. Molokova T.A. Svyatitel' Filipp — patriot i stroitel' pravoslavnoy Rossii [St Philip — Patriot and Builder of Russian Orthodox]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2006, pp. 18, 20.
  9. Burov V.A. Istoriya keleynoy zastroyki Solovetskogo monastyrya XV—XIX vekov: monografiya [Exclusionary Story Building Solovetsky Monastery XV—XIX Centuries]. Institute of Archeology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Solovki State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve, Arkhangel'sk, 2011, p. 26.
  10. Maksakovskiy V.P. Vsemirnoe kul'turnoe nasledie [World Cultural Heritage]. Moscow, Eko-pros Publ., 2000, p. 381.
  11. Arenkova Yu.I., Mekhova G.I. Donskoy monastyr' [Don Monastery]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1970, p. 67.
  12. Petrova E.N. Russkie monastyri. Iskusstvo i traditsii [Russian Monasteries. Art and Traditions]. Saint Petersburg, Palace Edition, 1997, p. 112.
  13. Chelnokov A. Pokrovskiy stavropigial'nyy zhenskiy monastyr' u Pokrovskoy zastavy [Intercession Pokrovsky Monastery]. Moscow, Pokrovskiy stavropigial'nyy zhenskiy monastyr' Publ., 2010, p. 57.
  14. Shchenkov A.S., editor. Arkhitekturnoe nasledie na rubezhe XX—XXI vekov: Problemy restavratsii i okhrany naslediya [Architectural Heritage in 20—21st Centuries. Moscow, KRASAND Publ., 2010, p. 51.
  15. Pokrovskaya E.N., Koval'chuk Yu.L. Biokorroziya, sokhranenie pamyatnikov istorii i arkhitektury [Biocorrosion, Preservation of Historical Monuments and Architecture. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2013, p. 28, 57.

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Social and cultural background of the emergence and development of fachwerk architecture

Vestnik MGSU 8/2015
  • Gavrikov Denis Sergeevich - Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU) degree-seeking student, Department of Architectural Design, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NNGASU), 65 Il’inskaya str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
  • Mezentsev Sergey Dmitrievich - Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU) Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Philosophy, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Pages 7-17

The article is devoted to the preconditions of the occurrence and development of half-timbered architecture in different regions of the world. The starting point is giving account of the content of the concept of “Fachwerk”. Using the term “Fachwerk” the article refers to a type of building structure which uses three-dimensional farm inclined at different angles as the basis for carrying out wooden beams; beside, the article defines the construction materials used in construction of timber-framed buildings, and the technology of their construction. The history of the formation and development of Fachwerk is among objectives of the study of half-timbered architecture as well. The main methods of research are observation, analysis, comparison, historical methods. Some photographs of certain half-timbered buildings were used to make a reader familiar with the aesthetic impact of this kind of architecture. The oldest building of protofachwerk could be found on the territory of modern Turkey and China. Later, in the Middle Ages, half-timbered buildings appeared among the Germans, Gauls, and other Western European nations. Still preserved, half-timbered buildings date back to the 14th century. Improvement of building materials and technologies of construction, economic, religious and cultural changes and transition of Western peoples from Middle Ages to modern times played a significant role in the formation of half-timbered architecture. It is also noted that there is a direct link or correlation between the religious characteristics of a society and a form of Fachwerk corresponding to them. A special place in the article is taken by Protestantism which contributed to the progressive development of technology, including construction and thereby changed the vector of development of the Western society from traditionalism to modernity. In the 20th century Fachwerk in Europe experienced a new prosperity, thanks to its use as a stylistic foundation of Swiss-style buildings, styles, stick, hips, Jugend, Storybook, Adirondack. Regional variants of Fachwerk and its interpretations are now available in some regions of Western, Central, South and East Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia. In the course of the study we revealed the influence of socio-cultural factors in the half-timbered architecture in different regions of its distribution. It is concluded that Fachwerk is an indicator of predisposition of a particular culture to the progressive development.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2015.8.7-17

References
  1. Gavrikov D.S. Terminologicheskoe utochnenie ponyatiya «fakhverk» [Terminological Redetermination of the Term “Fachwerk”]. V mire nauchnykh otkrytiy [In the World of Scientific Discoveries]. 2010, no. 6.3 (12), pp. 115—117. (In Russian)
  2. Gerner M. Fachwerk. Entwicklung, Entstandsetzung, Neubau. Muenchen, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007, 224 p.
  3. Issel H. Holzbau: Fachwerk-, Block-, Ständer- und Stabbau. Leipzig, Reprint-Verlag, 2004, 197 p.
  4. Flenley J.R., King S. Late Quarternary Pollen Records from Easter Island. Nature. 1984, vol. 307, pp. 47—50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/307047a0.
  5. Franklin B. The Way to Wealth: Preface to Poor Richard Improved. 1758, Bedford, MA, ApplewoodBooks, Inc., 1986, 30 p.
  6. Goethe J. Faust. Translated from German by B. Pasternak. Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo khudozhestvennoy literatury Publ., 1953, 616 p. (In Russian)
  7. Weber M. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 2013, Merchant Books; abridged edition edition, 132 p.
  8. Harrison L. Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012, 230 p.
  9. Söries R. Von Kaisers Gnaden: protestantische Kirchenbauten im Habsburger Reich. Köln, Weimar, Böhlau Verlag, 2008, 225 p.
  10. Micklitza K., Micklitza A. Lausitz. Berlin, Trescher Verlag, 2013, 320 p.
  11. Schmidt R. Fachwerkkirchen im Vogelsberg. R. Schmidt, 2013, 19 p.
  12. Konovaloff A. Ornament am Fachwerk: Eine Untersuchung der Gestaltung von Bürgerhäusern in Hannoversch-Münden. Lit, 1985, 86 p.
  13. Großmann G.U. Fachwerk in Deutschland: Zierformen seit dem Mittelalter. Imhof, 2006, 144 p.
  14. Föppl A. Das Fachwerk im Raume. Books on Demand, 2012, 68 p.
  15. Tishler W.H. Fachwerk Construction in the German Settlements of Wisconsin. W.H. Tishler, 1986. 292 p.
  16. Großmann G.U. Runen und Fachwerk. Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Available at: http://www.gnm.de/fileadmin/redakteure/Museum/pdf/GUGro_mann_Runen_und_Fachwerk.pdf. Date of access: 31.03.2015.
  17. Mezentsev S.D., Gavrikov D.S. Fakhverkovye reministsentsii v arkhitekture rossiyskikh nemtsev v XVIII—XX vv. [Fachwerk Reminiscences in Architecture of Russian Germans in 18—20th Centuries]. Internet-vestnik VolgGASU. Seriya: Politematicheskaya [Internet-Vestnik of Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Polythematic series]. 2013, no. 4 (29). Available at: http://vestnik.vgasu.ru/attachments/MezentsevGavrikov-2013_4(29).pdf. Date of access: 15.03.2015. (In Russian)
  18. Krivykh E.G. Fakhverk kak gumanitarnaya tekhnologiya [Fachwerk as a Humanitarian Technology]. Integratsiya, partnerstvo, innovatsii v stroitel’noy nauke i obrazovanii : sbornik materialov Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Integration, Pertnership, Innovations in the Construction Science and Education : Collection of the Materials of International Scientific Conference]. Moscow, MGSU Publ., 2015, pp. 52—54. (In Russian)
  19. Ekonomov S.L. Garmoniya starogo i novogo [Harmony of the Old and the New]. Krasivye doma [Beautiful Houses]. 2005, no. 4 (57), 96 p. (In Russian)
  20. Popper K. The Open Society and Its Enemies. New One-Volume edition. 2013, Princeton University Press, 780 p.

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