"Вестник МГСУ"

Subject: economic development of housing and communal services is directly connected with implementation of the housing policy of the country, which is of great importance for the construction industry, the economy and the population. The deplorable state of utility networks and structures of resource-holding systems in Russia and Kazakhstan, inherited from the Soviet Union, basically did not meet the requirements of a sustainable and proper quality of provision of communal services. After acquiring independence in Russia and Kazakhstan, as in other post-Soviet countries, housing and communal services (housing and utilities) reform was implemented, massive privatization of the housing stock was carried out, which resulted in formation of a qualitatively new housing relations. At the same time, the past period has revealed certain disproportions in the development of housing relations, and as a result, a lot of problems have accumulated in the housing and communal sector that need to be addressed. In this regard, the relevance of the study aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the development and the state of the housing and communal services of these countries is justified. The article assesses the current state and trends in the development of housing and communal services in Russia and Kazakhstan. This research was carried out within the framework of the scientific project APО05134552 «Economic evaluation of investment projects for modernization of housing and communal services of the Republic of Kazakhstan». Research objectives: conducting a comparative analysis of the development and condition of housing and communal services in Russia and Kazakhstan, and identifying problems related to the housing reform implemented in these countries and modernization of communal infrastructure. Materials and methods: the study used statistical data on the state of the housing stock and housing and communal services provided by the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation and the Statistics Agency of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This scientific study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of government programs implemented in the housing and communal services sector was based on the methods of analysis, induction, deduction, comparative and dialectical-logical approaches. Results: the assessment of the state of housing and communal services in Russia and Kazakhstan is given by the indicators assembled into the groups of the main sub-sectors of the housing and communal services - housing sub-sector and communal services sub-sector - for the 2010-2016 time period. Economic evaluation of the development of housing and communal services was based on the development of a set of quality indicators: 1) the proportion of emergency housing stock in the total area of the entire housing stock; 2) provision of the housing stock with the types of amenities (water supply, water disposal, heating, gas or electric stoves); 3) the level of housing provision for population; 4) accident rate in the networks; 5) loss of resources in the networks (water and heat). Conclusions: in the course of the study, it became possible to identify problematic issues that hinder the more successful development of the housing and communal sector in the analyzed countries. The conducted studies justify the need for sectoral reforms and an integrated system for assessing the development of housing and communal services in accordance with strategic policy and targeted state programs.

The problem of synthesis of technology-intensive constituents of an intelligent office system, implemented in advanced office buildings, is the subject matter of this article. On the basis of the proposed classification and the analysis performed by the author, the general structure of the multilevel distributed system, that has radial treelike lines of communications, is developed. The structure of the intelligent office system designated for advanced real estate facilities represents an integration of two structures, including the functional constituent and the hardware constituent. The model of optimization of the hardware constituent is proposed by the author. The article also contains an overview of the model implementation within the framework of a set of intelligent buildings in the centre of Moscow.

Resource saving, ecological safety, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection are currently the priority tasks in terms of implementation of the course towards a sustainable development of the Russian state. Transformation of waste into secondary raw materials for the manufacture of environmentally friendly construction products and other products makes it possible to resolve two problems at once: preserve valuable resources and reduce the environmental load. The article presents theoretical provisions and background for methodology of forming a model of complex system of construction waste treatment in terms of modern tasks for creation of new economically efficient, resource-saving, ecologically safe and waste-free technologies and processes in the industry, as well as the requirements of regulatory acts in the sphere of environmental safety, hazardous waste management, environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The final target indicator of scientific research in this sphere is the minimization of waste amounts dispatched to burial facilities due to creation of optimal, reasonable from the technical-and-economic point of view, chain of complexes for treatment thereof, preliminary preparation for further recycling, including sorting, dismantling, cleaning, and disposal. Comprehensive assessment and subsequent reasonable selection of optimal scientific methods of research of factors, indicators and restrictions that form the constituent elements of methodology of creation of the economic and managerial model of the complex system of waste treatment, will be continued.

Construction as a branch of material production is among the industries most dangerous in the field of health protection and safety of works. The major features, which characterize the construction industry, are: high-altitude work, temporary nature of works, working with heavy cargo and irregular working hours. Large volumes and unique design of construction facilities, machines and equipment determine the risk of dangerous and harmful production factors. Neglect of safety rules and technological regulations, lack of supervision lead to accidents, injuries, loss of professional work capacity, chronic diseases and, as a consequence, the reduce of economic efficiency of the organizations of construction industry. Today specialists in the field of labour protection should solve the issues on improvement of technologies, increase of reliability of technical systems (equipment, machines, mechanisms, etc.), safety of life activity of workers, etc. A significant place in this complex of questions take solutions on protection of labours, environment protection, prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations. The solution to these problems consists in providing the high quality elaborating projects of manufacture of works, including technological maps, projects of construction organization, which is achieved through the creation and effective functioning of the management system of occupational health and safety of labour. Particularly evident advantages of establishing occupational health and safety management system are: improvement of working conditions through establishing of management system of production risks; reduction of injuries, accidents, deaths in workplace; expansion of the market through the acquisition of competitive advantages due to the presence of the certificate on conformity to the international requirements OHSAS 18001 or ILO-OSH; achievement of positive economic effect due to reduction of costs associated with the occurrence of risk cases (occupational diseases, injuries, etc.).

Issues of economic evaluation of investment projects to green construction are considered in view of the complex accounting economic, social, environmental factors within Green Standard requirements to construction of ecological facilities. The urgency of constructing autonomous, energy-efficient, resource-saving complexes and facilities that do not have a negative impact on the environment is growing every year. Despite the fact that the current cost of electricity received from a centralized network is lower than the cost of its generation from autonomous sources, the world trend is of a steady increase of the energy price and at the same time reducing the annual cost of autonomous mini-electric power stations on renewable fuel. This makes it necessary to look at a new way of solving the issues of energy and resource saving and energy efficiency in industrial and civil construction. The facility from Moscow Region is chosen as a particular example of estimating the performance indicators of an autonomous individual house construction facility with design solutions, technologies and activities applied for obtaining energy from renewable sources (solar and wind), saving water, recycling and reusing waste, minimizing the negative impact on the environment. Taking into account the current strategic course of Russian socio-economic development to sustainable development, authors of the article emphasize that a comprehensive ecological and economic estimation of investment projects to green construction is designed to encourage and reorient the subjective goals of construction production from achieving private profit by business entities and specific investors investing funds in the shortest economic result to the search of optimal available technologies, solutions, measures ensuring the growth of indicators of social, public, ecological efficiency, development of regional industrial infrastructure of environmentally safe, resource-intensive, energy-efficient industrial, civil and individual house construction.

Introduction. The approach to the creation of the methodological foundations of the innovative system of industrial and household waste management is presented. This will allow to implement the world principles of handling them: prevention of education, resource saving, minimization of burial volumes , energy production, including in industrial, civil, road construction, reconstruction and repair, as well as in the production of building materials. Materials and methods. The most common approach to conducting a scientific research is the analysis of regulatory legal acts, standards, methods, guidelines, project and regulatory documentation in the field of waste management, published data and materials of scientific domestic and foreign studies on this topic. The scientific study used the methods of factor, comparative analysis, expert assessment of indicators. Results. Scientifically based proposals have been formed in the field of sectoral strategic planning for the formation of a waste management system and secondary material resources, implemented during the development of the Industry Development Strategy for the Treatment, Disposal and Disposal of Production and Consumption Wastes for the Period until 2030, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of January 25, 2018 No. 84-r. Conclusions. In of civil engineering, the proposed scientific and practical proposals for strategic sectoral planning of the waste-processing industry for the period up to 2030, the creation of an economic, organizational, managerial and legal mechanism for solving the problem of waste management and secondary material resources should be used in the formation of the regulatory framework and planning of promising measures for handling with waste secondary material resources in the framework of the development of the construction complex, construction materials.

Introduction. Presented the approach to is working out of methodological bases, a scientifically-methodical substantiation of legal regulation, organizational-administrative, economic principles of placing, designing of an infrastructure of the industry on processing, recyclings, to neutralisation of a waste. For today our country considerably lags behind the leading European countries on effective realisation of a universal principle 3R (prevention of formation of a waste, a reuse, processing in secondary resources). One of principal causes - absence of economically effective control system of a waste and secondary resources. Leaving at the present stage of development of Russia on one of the first places a problem of annually increasing volumes of a formed and buried industrial and household waste and directly the environmental contamination connected with it, accumulation of an ecological damage (harm) forms an actual problem of development of an industrially-transport infrastructure of the reference with a waste and secondary resources both at regional and inter-regional levels, and on the scale of all country. The given problem dictates necessity of search of the new scientifically and practically proved scientifically-methodological practically proved scientifically-methodological, methodical approaches and decisions to optimum planning of placing and designing of an industrially-transport infrastructure of the reference with a waste, including the organisation of management, regulation, the account, monitoring and the control of gathering, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, neutralisation of a waste, to development of methods of savings of resources and energy, to search of ways ecologically admissible, technically and technologically possible, economically expedient increase of level of taken secondary material resources from a waste. Materials and methods. As materials for carrying out of scientific research serve: legislative base, legal certificates, standards, methodical recommendations, design and the specifications and technical documentation in the field of the reference with a waste, the published data and materials of scientific domestic and foreign researches on the given subjects. Methods of scientific research are based on use factorial, comparative, kvalimetric the analysis, the theory of restrictions, expert methods of an estimation of indicators. Results. Scientifically proved offers, methodological approaches to planning of actions for industry development on processing, recycling, neutralisation of the waste. Conclusions. Formation of scientifically-methodological and methodical bases of planning of placing and designing of industrial targets on processing, recyclings, to neutralisation of a waste should be coordinated and include all aspects connected with technical and economic, ecological, is standard-legal, organizational-administrative maintenance of activity and creation of complex system of the reference with a waste and secondary resources within the limits of a course on a sustainable development of the Russian state.