"Вестник МГСУ"

The article covers essential legal and structural transformations designated to boost the development of the system of management of housing resources of the Russian Federation. The housing sector has not taken advantage of the competitive environment to foster the housing management and maintenance systems, as no rigorous contractual relations may be established absent of regular and sufficient funding. The equity ownership to the common property of an apartment house gave rise to new legal relations and to the alteration of the function of the real estate management. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, no owner of any item of residential or nonresidential property can independently manage the common property in a residential housing building, as it is inseparable from other premises of apartment buildings; therefore, it cannot be the subject of an independent agreement.
The article also covers the method of apartment building management, or the choice of a new system of legal relations. Unfortunately, the legislator does not provide any legal properties of the management agreement; therefore, it shall be considered as a mixed agreement. Consummation of any legal act may involve three options of its implementation. The law may introduce new relations, whereby any prior relations are cancelled, the law may require any prior relations to be transformed to comply with the law, or the law may introduce a transitory period. Transformation of existing legal relations aimed at the assurance of their compliance with the new law means introduction of changes and amendments into existing contractual relations. For example, particular contractual relations are to be documented in writing, other terms of agreements are to be altered, new dates or liabilities may be introduced, contractual payment procedures may be changed, etc. This approach assures a smooth, gradual and leap-free reform to prevent the mistakes the consequences of which will affect the population.

Subject: due to the existence of shabby and hazardous dwelling, the housing problem is one of the most relevant problems in the social sphere of the Astrakhan region. The Astrakhan regional construction cluster includes the significant number of the construction organizations, the servicing organizations, which are engaged in the training of personnel for construction, the banks and other credit institutions, which provide the population with mortgage loans, and also regional, municipal authorities and public organizations. The regional construction cluster is the developing social and economic system of heterarchical type. The heterarchy combines both elements of hierarchy and elements of the market relations. Therefore, the task of creation of a common information space of a regional construction cluster on the basis of mathematical, functional and information-logical models is relevant. Research objectives: use functional and mathematical modeling of heterarchical system of a regional construction cluster for development of its information portal. Materials and methods: for creation of structurally-functional model of a regional construction cluster, the methodology of structural analysis in notations of IDEF0, IDEF3, Swimlane was used. As a tool for structurally-functional simulation, we used CASE-tool - AllFusion Process Modeler r7. The mathematical description of logic of regional construction cluster management is based on the theory of sets. Results: the complex of functional models with the set-theoretic description of the system was developed. The business-process model in a notation of IDEF0 well reflects the process hierarchy that best describes the hierarchical communications prevailing in stable functioning of the regulated processes. For its creation the SADT technology was used. When the external disturbances affect the socio-economic system (SES), inertial hierarchical management ceases being effective and the advantage is given to horizontal managing directors of communication for description of which and for reflection of logic of processes it is more appropriate to use the model of the IDEF3 notation. For explicit description of roles and responsibility of performers of specific processes, it is expedient to use the chart SwimLane, which is variety of the chart IDEF3, in order to achieve the unified information environment of a regional construction cluster. The logic of process interaction reflected in the chart SwimLane was described mathematically by creation of a set-theoretic model. Conclusions: All developed models form a basis for further information-logical and physical design of the unified information environment of the Astrakhan regional construction cluster. Computer support of the functioning of such a complex system will allow us to considerably increase its efficiency.

The relevance of the problem of construction waste management has proven to be true, as the statistical data reflect an increase in the amount of construction and demolition works in the Russian Federation. The authors analyze the current standards, regulatory documents and requirements applicable to construction waste processing. One of the most important challenges is a need to develop production schedules (PSs) applicable to the processes of management of construction and demolition waste. The process of coordination of PSs, their structure and contents is considered in the article in detail. There is a need for universal construction waste management software programmes. Development of these software programmes can promote essential results in projecting, modeling and research of the properties of waste management processes.

The essences of management influence the pricing process in the construction industry. The balance in the market of construction products, both in terms of supply and demand, is the objective of this influence. Construction organizations are ready to reduce prices for their products. However they must be confident that their products will generate profits on the ongoing basis. Authorities responsible for pricing management must help construction organizations to identify their reserves and excessive production expenses to help these companies to cut their prices. These efforts will reduce the inflation to the level needed to resolve the problem of affordable prices for building products. The Russian economy must be based on innovative grounds. Control over the economic concentration is an effective action. It’s used to prevent monopolization in the construction market.

The article covers the operation of special economic zones ("SEZ") in the countries that feature different levels of economic development (including Ghana, China, Bulgaria, the USA and Russia), principal provisions and special entrepreneurial environment, as well as the variety of SEZ depending on the objectives of their setup.
Problems of management of items of real estate within territories of SEZ are identified. The authors also analyze peculiarities of establishment and operation of SEZ in the Russian Federation and propose an economic mechanism to boost their competitiveness.
The authors conclude that there is a pressing need for a qualitative reconsideration of approaches to the management of SEZ and their constituent elements that have to ensure a scalable and highly efficient application of SEZ as an instrument of innovative development in various fields and a solution to basic economic and social problems.

The author of the article argues that the Russian construction industry is in need of an effective management system. The essence of the potential management system is that the management impact, irrespective of its origin, must be recognized by individuals as a deliberate need that will bring them particular economic benefits.
Management of the construction industry as one of the most important constituents of the real economy may turn efficient in the event that it is in control of its production, real property and investment constituents in both, so to say, "horizontal" and "vertical" directions. Investment relations run through principal construction operations and any related activities; therefore, they must be represented in the functional responsibilities of the Ministry of Regional Development that is in control of the construction industry.
The construction market accommodates various legal entities. Most of them are controlled by co-owners whose work is under the control of management partners. It is essential that any economic levers that they possess are not predominant. It is vital for any decisions that they propose to be supported by other co-owners (or their majority). And this is feasible in the event of good business relations between the parties.

Investment and construction activity as a technical and economic system represents a complex of coordinated elements interdependent in frames of a more complicated structure and logically constituting a whole entity which is controlled basing on control actions stated in a plan. The processes of investment and construction activity are determined by different flows of workforce, raw materials, energy, main funds and investments. On the other hand the system functioning influences these flows. The article presents the structure of investment and construction activity as a technical-and-economic system with large number of input and output flows. For its functioning implementation of strategic control is necessary. The authors consider a suggestion that providing balanced and proportional growth basing on the general aim is the important result of strategy control. Both inner and outer impacts should be taken into account. The higher is the hierarchy level of the investment and construction activity, the higher the degree of complexity of control, management and decision-making functions grow. The formalized description of strategic controlling process is given.

Despite the widespread use of the logistic approach in many areas of human activities, analysis of references concerning its prospects causes the author to conclude that the prospects for the employment of the principles of logistics aimed at the improvement of efficiency of operation of the system of treatment of construction and demolition waste fails to enjoy sufficient consideration. Logistiсs-based management of streams of construction waste triggers production of raw materials, increases the output amount, reduces initial costs and prevents environmental pollution. The methodology of logistics makes it possible to optimize complex systems. Intensive development of the concept of an integrated system of waste control is boosted by the prospects for the application of secondary resources. In the article, expediency of introduction of principles of logistics into the theory and practice of construction waste management is proven. Substantial technological, economic and ecological effects of integration of the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept of construction waste management with logistic methods are considered.

The process of manufacturing of various construction products is accompanied by the generation of huge amounts of versatile wastes. Application of construction waste in further production processes is possible in the aftermath of its pre-processing or even without it. Construction waste recycling can generate high revenues. The pattern of waste generation and further logistic flows of waste generated in the process of construction and demolition are presented in article. The analysis of the market of secondary, or recycled, construction products has revealed weaknesses of its operation. The proper choice of effective technologies for the treatment of building waste may turn into the basis for successful economic development of the construction industry in the Russian regions. The backwardness of the market of secondary resources misbalances supply and demand for market products. In this article, the pattern for development of logistics-based models of intensive development of the market of secondary construction resources is proposed. Application of this logistics-based approach will generate economic benefits and prevent environmental pollution.

Today no effective centralized control system is available for building waste. However, it may be generated through the establishment of special-purpose logistics centers. Logistics centers will be designated for the regulation of processes of building waste handling. Depending on the status of development of building waste control systems in specific regions, logistics centers of one of the following two types are to be installed: multi-component logistics centers or information logistics centers. The objective is to develop a mechanism for generation and transfer of information streams in order to compile an effective model of waste management for construction and demolition works. The mechanism is to involve each participant of waste-related processes. If this mechanism is in place, waste transportation and amount/composition analysis will be streamlined to assure timely information delivery to/from construction organizations, transport companies, waste processing enterprises, and consumers of secondary products. In the article, the mechanism of effective region-wide management of construction waste is proposed depending on the status of development of waste processing facilities in different areas (regions, etc.). Patterns of interaction between the parties involved in this process are also analyzed.

Operational management of the construction is usually based on information analysis systems, which are aimed at the monitoring of working schedule and volumes as consistent with predicated schedules. The result of such systems’ operation is traditional information graphics (diagrams, charts, etc.), which provides idea on the current state of the construction site and deviations from the planned settings. The author considers the visualization technology of construction of objects using an image of the situation on the AutoCAD drawings, converted into an interactive format. The article focuses on imperfections of the existing technologies of information support of the managers. The creation of unified IT platform is offered on the basis of CAD for creating an integrated information storage and visualization of the environment using electronic drawings and diagrams. Using interactive methods it is possible to illustrate the condition of almost any part of the construction project using these drawings and diagrams. E-drawings contain the basic information resources - estimates, plans, sections, specifications, technology, construction, etc. necessary for the calculation of indicators. The author proved that implementation of visualization is most efficient in case of electronic drawings in 3D format.

In the article the main legislation regulating apartment houses management activities is reviewed. Standards of apartment houses management are considered: the organization of rendering services and the performance of work, the services and the works provided, interaction with public authorities and local governments on the questions connected with a management of an apartment house. The documents, in which the requirements to providing favorable and safe conditions of accommodation of citizens in apartment houses, which have to be provided by means of technical service, are stated. The documents establishing the need to provide reliability and safety of apartment houses are considered; safety for life and health of citizens; safety and availability of using property; constant readiness of engineering communications and other equipment for providing utilities; observance of requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on energy saving and on increasing power efficiency, etc. The documents governing the relations on providing utilities to owners and users of rooms in apartment houses are also considered, as well as the rules of granting, the order of the payment size establishing for utilities and changes in payment size when granting their inadequate quality; implementation of calculations and the conclusion of contracts of subjects of management in apartment houses with the utilities organization. Legislative requirements to the local governments’ activities are determined by creation of good conditions for apartment houses management. The evolution of legislative and regulatory support of apartment houses management is investigated. The conclusion of its dynamic development is drawn in all the activities connected to apartment houses management.

Classification of the processes in an enterprise is a methodical basis for the solution of the problems of identification and reference of processes to concrete category depending on a classification sign that in turn is the basis for the choice of management tools of the processes and of an enterprise in general. The classification of processes is one of the problems of information search consisting in reference of the process to one of several categories on the basis of certain classification criterion. Rather often some authors make terminological mistake in their works when they refer to all the processes at an enterprise to the category “business process”, including management processes, and supporting processes. The classification of the processes of an enterprise has to be carried out with a definite purpose: it can be carried out for ensuring systematic studying and completeness of coverage of the studied subject domain, or for the purpose of business management on the basis of process approach. The first purpose provides exclusively analytical character of solvable tasks of studying the processes of the enterprise and doesn’t allow developing recommendations on the solution of management problems of the organization. In the second case it is quite possible to use classification of processes of an economic entity as a business management mechanism basis on the ground of process approach. According to the offered classification three groups of processes of the enterprise are defined: management processes (management), business processes (the main processes) and the providing (auxiliary) processes. These classification criteria will allow identifying the processes of the enterprise and defining the system of their interaction. The hierarchy level of the processes allows determining the duration of life cycle of the processes and is the basis for processes planning. Vertical and horizontal processes allow defining the roles, powers and responsibility of linear and functional heads of the organization. Depending on the scale of the organization the presented classification can be concretized concerning business processes. The developed classification allows referring any process of the enterprise to one of the categories, determining the level of its hierarchy and its orientation which is a basis of the choice and formation of management instruments of processes and of an enterprises in general.

Culture in ecology is a research area founded in Russia by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev in 1979. Like any science, it has its target of research (World Culture), its purpose — the preservation of national cultures, its own generalization method related to the method of ecology. Culture in ecology is a scientific discipline. It is not a part of the environment, as it has a separate subject of study. It can be considered a part of the noosphere theory. Culture as a whole is vast human creation, which includes creative, handicraft and other skills related to agriculture, development of the planet's resources, education and training of children, the highest ideals of human being, engineering, arts, protecting the environment and cultural heritage.Culture is a means of managing material noospheric objects. Culture ecology studies the creativity, engineering, and economic interactions in the society and their impact on the human environment, because it is closely connected to ecology. Culture ecology should be developed in order to manage the biosphere or even the noosphere as rationally constructed megasystem consisting of natural and man-made objects. Noosphere as an ideal state of the environment does not exist in reality. It is far from predation and barbarism in terms of using natural resources. Today the principles of culture ecology are based on the development of projects of recreating historic landscapes, historic buildings and structures for the purposes of modern society. In the report the author focuses on two examples of such work: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and the Frauenkirche in Dresden. They are the examples of constructions corresponding to the requirements for ecological facilities and cultural experience. They should be considered the islands of noosphere in the modern imperfect world and science. The combination of old and new is a tricky thing. It is easy to destroy the balance between old guardian of the spirit, and new functioning elements of the statutes for the modern society needs. It is easy to upset the balance and thus give rise for objections from one side or another. The debates on inclusion old and new parts should be going in the process of rebuilding objects in new social environment.

Making investments into projects that contemplate reconstruction and renovation of residential
housing is always accompanied by particular risks. Risky investments are highly profitable while
low-risk investments have a low profit margin. The task of an investor is reduced to identification of
the most desirable "risk income" in the course of the due diligence of a specific investment project.
The authors present a formal approach to the management of a real estate investment project
with account for the risks that may arise in the course of its development and implementation. We
consider passive and proactive types of investment control. The problem of proactive management
represents projecting potential investment project development patterns, ongoing monitoring
of the market situation, involvement of profit generating assets, disposal of low-profit assets. The
passive type of management involves compilation of a well-balanced mix of investment operations
that contemplates a pre-set level of risk (for example, through reasonable diversifi cation) within an
extensive period of time.
Particular attention is driven to the optimal choice of an investment project based on the rate
of return and risks. The profitability represents an average value, while the risk is identified by using
the method of dispersion. Optimization of investment projects is performed on the basis of the
profi tability-to-risk ratio. The main feature of this method is that the limits of an admissible risk aren't
specified there, and the extent of risk correlates with the amount of potential revenues to be generated.
Thus, we believe that it is possible to derive an obvious decision-making formula on the basis
of certain assumptions.