"Вестник МГСУ"

In the world of today, issues of the relationship between society and nature are becoming more relevant. A process of continuous development of industrial and social activities and the negative interference in the environment cause damage to the unique biosphere. The dynamics of destructive processes necessitates conducting activities in accordance with the fundamental laws of nature. One way of solving these problems is to create a harmonious architectural environment that has minimal impact on the environment of the surrounding countryside. An important factor in the process of "sustainable architecture" formation is the use of the building materials, which are safe for humans and the environment. Special role in this aspect is played by wood possessing unquestionable priority in "sustainable architecture". Wood is a renewable natural material with unique properties. Wastelessness, low thermal conductivity, strength, unique texture, ease of processing and other quality wood help to create cozy and comfortable environment. From the perspective of ecological and energy problems the use of wood in architecture has a special role as the most optimal solution to these issues. In Russia construction of energy efficient buildings is at an early stage of development. To date, the power consumption of the existing residential and public buildings in Russia is on average about three times higher than in technically advanced countries of Scandinavia with similar climatic conditions. At the same time the tendency to steady growth of non-renewable energy resources leads to the need to improve the thermal protection of buildings. The problem of thermal protection of buildings in architecture led to widespread use of ventilated facades. Constructive solution is to install the layer of insulation on the exterior walls and to fasten cladding materials to the frame to form an air gap for air circulation. Finishing materials perform architectural function. The most common facing materials of natural origin include wooden facades. Demand for such kind of structures in contemporary architecture is explained by wide possibilities of architectural and artistic facades. Facade decor made of wood is various, it tends to be unusual, with exclusive forms, eliminating unnecessary luxury. Valuable wood panels, board with logs imitation, block house, facade boards (planken), the wood tile (shingle), etc. can be used in decoration. A large number of wooden facing materials allow to create wooden facades of different styles, and the texture and wood shades form a harmonious environment. Among the various methods of using wooden decor the most common technique is outplaying of wood texture. Wood is treated with special impregnation to give effect of the natural aging, wood is also tinted, creating a color contrast of house planes, and then is coloured, imitating the texture of precious wood. Wooden facade decor fully solves not only the problem of architectural expressiveness of structures, but also the problem of energy saving, which is especially important in the context of the global crisis. The unique capabilities of the tree, its ability to be in harmony with other materials form a comfortable environment, providing a favorable psychological impact.

Subject: introduction of energy-efficient materials and decisions in the field of reconstruction is the factor influencing the reduction of heat losses. Use of such materials and decisions leads to considerable economy and improvement of heat insulation properties of the building. Research objectives: establish efficiency of application of methods of passive and active protection of buildings against heat losses and increase of energy-saving during reconstruction. Materials and methods: theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the scientific work of domestic and foreign scientists on the issues of energy efficiency management and introduction of energy-saving technologies at capital construction facilities and educational institutions. General scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization), comparison method, classification method were used during the research. Detailed thermograms of buildings, thermal imaging examinations, and monitoring of microclimate parameters were used. Results: modern approaches to the problem of energy-saving and provision of comfortable living conditions are investigated. The analysis of the use of active and passive methods to improve energy efficiency of buildings is carried out. Conclusions: improving the energy efficiency of buildings during reconstruction must be addressed comprehensively, taking into account measures aimed at increasing the effect of fuel and energy resource consumption.

Environmentally safe construction products are materials and products of construction purpose made of renewable natural resources and natural environment components with minimum spend of natural resources and energy, and the process of handling thereof (extraction of raw materials for production of the aforesaid materials and products, manufacture, transportation, use in engineering structures, processing, recycling, burial in natural environment) does not adversely affect neither humans nor environment. The article considers the basic historical stages of use of environmentally friendly construction materials in industrial and civil construction, starting from antiquity and ending with modern age. Review materials on the use of safe natural products such as wood, stone, thatch, peat, clay and other types of environmentally friendly materials in construction are presented. Properties of natural materials that ensure environmental safety of buildings, structures and premises, sanitary and hygienic requirements, coziness and comfort thereof for humans are analyzed. It is concluded that at present time the construction of high quality, comfortable, ecologically safe housing at affordable prices which is based on environmentally friendly technologies, resource and energy saving, construction materials safe for human health, should become one of the main priorities of economic and environmental policy of Russia.

The authors argue that efficient energy saving methods installable into civil buildings include energy saving technologies, cost-efficient and fast-payback technologies, improvement of process flowsheets and patterns of microclimate systems, and automation of engineering systems and installations.Processes of unsteady heat exchange inside premises having automated climatic systems are considered in this article. Advanced methods of analysis of thermal modes of premises are provided. Interrelation between separate parameters of thermal stability in a room and automated microclimate control is another subject of research. The formula designated for the calculation of the coefficient of transfer of regulators is derived by the authors.The ultimate result is identified using the methodology of assessment of influenceof dynamic properties of a room produced on the value of K. The proposed methodol-ogy may be used to develop engineering recommendations concerning selection of the optimal operating mode of regulators designated for engineering installations.The conclusion is substantiated by numerical calculations made using specialized software and graphic examples.

The energy demand of a 5-storey residential building (a 105 series design structure built in 1980), located in the city of Khujand, Tajikistan, was simulated at the Fraunhofer Institute of Building Physics in Germany using WUFI+ software. The purpose of the simulation was to reduce the energy demand for its heating and cooling, as well as to ensure thermal comfort inside the building in the course of its reconstruction and modernization. Reconstruction and modernization of this residential building includes the construction of POLYALPAN ventilated façade, application of mineral wool insulation sheets, aerated concrete blocks, and replacement of old windows by the sealed double glazing.The analysis of micro-climatic parameters of this residential building is performed in furtherance of Category II of EN 15251 "Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics", and it is based on the comprehensive assessment of the values of heat indexes PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied). The research is based on the modeling pattern limiting the air temperature values on the premises during the heating period and reducing the energy demand for its heating through the employment of a heat exchanger. The findings prove that the analysis of micro-climatic parameters of buildings would benefit from the comprehensive and integrated assessment of the values of thermal comfort indexes PMV and PPD and from the evaluation of thermal insulation properties of clothes. Moreover, the findings demonstrate the need for development of national standards of the microclimate inside residential buildings. The research was based on the data simulating the climatic conditions in the northern region of Tajikistan during an extremely hot summer season and the optimum indoor air temperature of +24,3 °C instead of 20—22 °C. The research has proven that it is advisable to record the cooling data for five hottest months (May through September) instead of three, which is a common practice. The energy savings of 47,5 % were achieved using a 90 % efficient heat recovery procedure during the winter period when mechanical ventilation systems are in operation. Using heat exchangers after the renovation and modernization of residential buildings can significantly reduce the load on the heating system of a building.

The urban environment is a combination of man-made objects (buildings, roads, business-centers, engineering systems of heat, water, energy supply, waste disposal, water disposal, transport, food production, etc.) and elements of the natural environment, which together with the socio -economic factors (cultural-domestic servicing, health care, etc.) influence the population. In respect of its expansion and degree of impact, thermal pollution is one of the biggest forms of physical pollution of the environment: with a fairly high degree of certainty the size of fuel, hot water and steam consumption can be counted together with the degree of thermal pollution of the surrounding area. The problem of thermal pollution has two dimensions: global (planetary) and local.From the engineering point of view, fighting thermal pollution is identical to energy efficiency. The higher is the level of energy-saving policy and work, the more intense is the fight against thermal pollution.Modern urbosystems of major cities are composed not only of residential estate, but also of industrial buildings. Large shopping centers are recently becoming widespread in the cities. These centers and industrial buildings have large storage space as an important logistic element. Business development in Russia radically alters the fundamental approaches to the production and consumption of all types of energy. Considering continuous growth of energy prices, critical condition of municipal heating and electrical grids, unreasonably high tariffs for the service of grid companies, which are usually noncompetitive in the market, the power supply problem is becoming more urgent. Sometimes power and heat interruptions may result in big losses. Any owner is interested in reducing the risks. The trend is that modern business is refocused on the maximum autonomy, which supposes its own source of heat supply. During boiler construction, the question about the efficiency of capital investments, operating and energy costs rises. Capital costs are determined by the heat source power. Heat supply of storage and industrial buildings has a number of features, which should be taken into account during designing. Particularly important is the study of the engineering infrastructure of settlements, industrial complexes in actively developing urbosystems. Design of modern heating systems is running on ecological principles – energy efficiency and resource saving. In this case, the operation of an industrial complex requires uninterrupted heat supply with a view to minimizing costs such as the design and operating costs. The main difference with the housing complex is shooting heat consumption in the end of work shift.

The implementation of energy saving actions in the course of renovation of residential houses is considered by the author in the article. The need to change the mode of operation of heat supply systems and the employment of steam-gas co-generation power plants as a source of heat is demonstrated.
Therefore, the problem of power saving in the course of renovation of residential houses comprises several constituents, and its resolution involves the implementation of a number of interrelated organizational and process-related actions. This is the only way to avoid conflicts and to reduce power consumption and losses at each stage of power generation and transmission absent of any deterioration of the internal microclimate in renovated premises. The implementation of the aforementioned actions will make it possible to convert to the automatic energy consumption reduction mode through the implementation of engineering solutions and without any immediate involvement of legal entities. This methodology may arouse the interest of both producers and consumers of thermal and electric energy.

This article is devoted to assessment of the influence of variation of daily hot water consumption on the predicted energy effect by using heat recovery of exhaust air in typical exhaust ventilation systems of the most commonly used flat buildings during their switch to the mechanical induction for the pre-heating of water for hot water supply. It outlines the general principle of the organization of this method of energy saving and presents the basic equations of heat transfer in the heat exchanger. The article proposes a simplified method of accounting for changes in the heat transfer coefficient of air-to-water heat exchanger with fluctuations of water demand using existing dependencies for this coefficient from the rate flow of heating and heated fluid through the device. It presents observations to identify the parameters of the real changes of water consumption during the day with the main quantitative characteristics of normally distributed random variables. Calculation of thermal efficiency of the heat exchange equipment using dimensionless parameters through the number of heat transfer under the optimal opposing scheme of fluid motion is completed under conditions of variable water flow rate for the type residential building of the П3-1/16 series using the Monte Carlo method for numerical modeling of stochastic processes. The estimation of the influence of fluctuation of the current water consumption on the instantaneous thermal efficiency factor of the heat exchanger and the total energy consumption of the building is given, and it is shown that the error of said calculation using average daily parameters is within the margin of usual engineering calculation.

Providing energy efficiency of newly designed buildings is an important state task which is considered in EPBD directive and the latest regulations on energy saving. Though reducing energy consumption of the existing building is not less important. The majority of the existing buildings had been built before the implementation of modern energy saving programs. That’s why the volume of energy consumption in the existing buildings is greater than in new buildings. In frames of the given investigation the author considers the problem of forecasting the payback period of investment into reduction of energy consumption in a building. The formula is offered for calculating the projected payback period in energy saving with account for capital costs, calculated or actual value of the achieved energy saving effect, rise in tariffs for energy sources, discounting of the future cash flows and the volume and time for return of credit funds. Basing on the offered calculation methods it is possible to compare the efficiency of different energy saving solutions.