"Вестник МГСУ"

Russia was a regular participant of the World Expos and an organizer of several international exhibitions in Moscow, St.Petersburg and other Russian cities. The value of the Russia’s contribution into the history of the World Expos is substantial and versatile. Russia’s participation in the Universal Expositions produced a strong impact on the development of the exhibition economy, architecture, construction machinery, engineering, and urban development. In its turn, urbanization produced its impact on the development of Expos. Major Russian architects, sculptors and designers created exceptional and original works in a variety of styles; they employed versatile construction methods and techniques. Trade fairs served as the venues for experimental buildings constructed in furtherance of the most advanced designs and technology-related inventions. Russia’s participation in the construction of pavilions at the World Exhibitions gave way to a unique architectural trend, whereby three-dimensional solutions, the architecture of pavilions, landscape products, landscapes and even music got together in the organic unity. This artificial artistic medium represents a new type of the architectural ensemble.

The paper considers civil engineering in retrospect. The paper presents the records of the two contracts that date back to 1837 and 1838. The contracts cover the two stages of construction of a famous church in Vozdvizhenskoe Village in the Moscow Province. These documents were stored in the Central Historic Archive, namely, in the collection of the town hall of Sergievskij Possad. These records of the two agreements in the collection of the brokers notes (or in other books of the same type) are of particular value, as the majority of authentic contracts have been lost. One of the contracts covers the organizational procedure and pre-construction works, while the other one covers the construction of the church. The first document gives the idea of environmental protection, employment of ecological technologies, and safe disposal and recycling of human biowaste in the course of dismantling of an old structure in Vozdvizhenskoe village. The second document that dates back to 1838 covers the sequence of construction works, starting from the foundation and ending with the arches, the types of building materials used, and peculiarities of stone masonry. The information recorded in the contract includes the names of the counterparties, day-to-day mode of life of seasonal workers, remuneration of labour and procedures that assure the quality of construction. This agreement makes it possible to outline the construction process that includes workers, bricklayers, the foreman, the contractor, the architect, and the customer. On the whole, both documents help us outline and assess some of the building practices of the 19th century. This issue is relevant nowadays, as our society has entered the phase of the market economy, while the experience accumulated by the past generations is of undeniable value.

Introduction. An approach to the development of a method for taking into account the influence of a single opposing building on direct solar radiation inflows to the building under study, taking into account all the irradiation periods of the facade under study, is presented. When calculating the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building in accordance with the method presented in regulatory documents, it is necessary to perform calculations of heat gain to the building from solar radiation. These calculations are carried out without taking into account the influence of the opposing building, what reduces the accuracy of the results. In foreign and domestic literature sources not found suitable for construction calculations and taking into account all periods of exposure methods. The objectives of this study are: the mathematical substantiation of the method, the possibility of its practical application, the formation of the calculation algorithm. Materials and methods. Calculations of the angular height and azimuth of the Sun by astronomical formulas, trigonometric calculations, construction of graphs of the tangents of changes in solar coordinates from the true solar time are applied. Results. The graphical method is proposed for determining irradiation periods by direct solar radiation of a facade of any orientation. The method is based on consideration of the formulas of the solar coordinates and the location of the opposing building. In this case, the graphic field is used to plot the changes in the tangents of the angular height of the Sun and the tangents of the difference between the azimuths of the Sun and the normal to the surface of the facade from the true solar time. The parameters of the building are applied to the graphic field and, in accordance with the proposed recommendations, the periods of irradiation of the facade are determined. Then the summation of direct solar radiation for the periods of irradiation of the facade is made. The algorithm of calculations on the example of a building in the presence of an opposing building is presented. The decrease of incoming direct solar radiation is shown. Conclusions. The developed graphic method is mathematically justified, has a practical orientation, which makes it relevant to the purpose and easy to use. The calculations for the presented method showed a significant decrease in the received direct solar radiation compared with the calculation without taking into account the influence of the opposing building, which shows the need to apply the method. The implementation of the method will contribute to an increase in the accuracy of calculations of direct solar radiation received on the facade and, therefore, the accuracy of calculations of energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building.

In the article, the results of the research performed in the field of innovative development of enterprises are provided, and the main principles and the content of each stage of innovative development of construction enterprises in the new economic environment are developed on the basis of the research. Actions, proposed in the article, will ensure the implementation of the strategy of innovative development with a view to effective attainment of objectives of case management and successful adaptation of construction enterprises to altering factors of the media.

Methodical approaches and procedures of implementation of official provisions of Methodical Recommendations are considered in article. Upon completion of analysis of a number of factors, the authors suggest using the option of assessment of efficiency of application of a new construction material through the application of Methodical Recommendations for Assessment of Efficiency of Investment Projects. As for the assimilation of new materials by building companies engaged in construction operations, the recommendation is to assess the business project efficiency upon introduction of each new construction material, and capital investments are the main indicators of efficiency of construction materials, let alone net discounted profit and the payback period. Upon consideration of a number of conditions that underlie the mathematical and economic model that substantiates decision-making in terms of implementation of innovative projects, the project efficiency can be assessed on the basis of an integrated indicator - maximal return on capital investments. The proposed model also takes account of the payback period, although the efficiency of new construction materials does not take account of any positive social effect of their introduction.

In the article, the author has proven that state control authorities had an important function in the organizational structure of the government authorities of our country. The author also drives attention to the fact that, in the Soviet period, government leaders implemented the idea of a system of controlling authorities that were to a substantial extent composed of blue collars.
An extensive network of controlling authorities operating on location was active in the 80ies of the 20th century. The historical experience of regional controlling authorities is considered in article, and Moscow controlling authorities are taken as an example. The author demonstrates that the Moscow City Committee, regional committees, groups and posts of people's control organized at enterprises and other organizations drove particular attention to the issues of construction, the building industry as a whole and to the accomplishments of the municipal economy; they also supervised over the implementation of ecological and nature protection actions, monitored the condition and repairs of public health service buildings; they resolved the issues of education, culture, available housing, housing preparation for the winter season, etc.
Actions taken in the aftermath of inspections held by people's control authorities were aimed at the improvement of the ecological condition of Moscow, and they resolved the problems of urban construction. Multiple assignments performed by people's control authorities made it possible to substantially improve the quality of their inspections and to combine the controlling efforts within the framework of the municipal economy. Coordination of combined inspections promoted reduction in the overall number of inspections. The present-day building sector of the Russian capital can benefit from the experience of Moscow people's control authorities, their well-coordinated controlling activities within the construction industry and the prior accomplishments of the municipal economy.

The article covers the operation of special economic zones ("SEZ") in the countries that feature different levels of economic development (including Ghana, China, Bulgaria, the USA and Russia), principal provisions and special entrepreneurial environment, as well as the variety of SEZ depending on the objectives of their setup.
Problems of management of items of real estate within territories of SEZ are identified. The authors also analyze peculiarities of establishment and operation of SEZ in the Russian Federation and propose an economic mechanism to boost their competitiveness.
The authors conclude that there is a pressing need for a qualitative reconsideration of approaches to the management of SEZ and their constituent elements that have to ensure a scalable and highly efficient application of SEZ as an instrument of innovative development in various fields and a solution to basic economic and social problems.

Providing energy efficiency of newly designed buildings is an important state task which is considered in EPBD directive and the latest regulations on energy saving. Though reducing energy consumption of the existing building is not less important. The majority of the existing buildings had been built before the implementation of modern energy saving programs. That’s why the volume of energy consumption in the existing buildings is greater than in new buildings. In frames of the given investigation the author considers the problem of forecasting the payback period of investment into reduction of energy consumption in a building. The formula is offered for calculating the projected payback period in energy saving with account for capital costs, calculated or actual value of the achieved energy saving effect, rise in tariffs for energy sources, discounting of the future cash flows and the volume and time for return of credit funds. Basing on the offered calculation methods it is possible to compare the efficiency of different energy saving solutions.

A novel data structure for the topology of three-dimensional skeletons of buildings is presented. Each face of the skeleton is mapped to two half-faces in the topological model. The boundary of a half-face consists of a cycle of half-edges. Each edge is mapped to a bundle of half-edges containing one half-edge for each half-face at the edge. The bundle is decomposed into two dihedral cycles, one for each direction of the edge, containing the half-edges ordered according to dihedral angle. The topological model is constructed by partitioning three-dimensional space. Each partition subdivides a specified cell into two convex cells. Cells can be merged if the resulting cell is convex. The partition and merge operations are efficient because they are performed on a small subset of the elements of the model in the vicinity of the affected cell and are thus independent of the size of the model.

In this article the author examines the influence of wear on the ONS to the quality and investment attractiveness, and gives recommendations on how to estimate the accumulated depreciation. A formula for calculating the market value of the ONS taking into account accumulated depreciation.

Subject of research: the main heat loss occurs through the building fence. In the paper, the object of research is enclosing structures with different thermal conductivity. The problem of moisture accumulation in the wall is quite relevant. One of the main problems in construction is saving on building materials and improper design of building envelope. This in turn leads to a violation of the heat and humidity regime in the wall. This paper presents one of the methods to address this issue. Purpose: description of heat and humidity conditions in the wall fence of high-rise buildings. It is also necessary to analyze the relationship between the thermophysical characteristics. Materials and methods: the temperature distribution in the layers will be analyzed on the basis of the structure consisting of 10 layers; the layer thickness is 0.05 m. Materials with different thermal conductivity were used. Each subsequent layer differed in thermal conductivity from the previous one by 0.01. Next, these layers are mixed. The calculation of the humidity regime includes finding the temperature distribution along the thickness of the fence at a given temperature of the outside air. The quality factor of the temperature distribution is the maximum average temperature. This research are conducted in the field of energy efficiency. Results: the higher the average wall temperature, the lower the air temperature differs from the wall temperature. In addition, the higher the average temperature of the wall, the drier the surface inside the wall. However, moisture accumulates on the surface inside the room. The working capacity of multilayer enclosing structures is determined by the temperature distribution and distribution of moisture in the layers. Conclusions: moisture movement through the fence is due to the difference in the partial pressure of water vapor contained in the indoor and outdoor air. A layer with minimal thermal conductivity should be located on the outer surface of the wall in a multi-storey building. The maximum change in the amplitude of temperature fluctuations is observed in the layer adjacent to the surface by periodic thermal effects. It is also taken into account that the process of heat absorption has a great influence on the temperature change in the thickness of the wall fence to the greatest extent within the layer of sharp fluctuations (outer layer). The Central part of the wall (bearing layer) will be the driest. These calculations are satisfied with the design of the ventilated facade.