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ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT. RESTRUCTURING AND RESTORATION

Interpretation features of classical orders of Vincenzo Brenna in the architecture of St. Petersburg of the late 18th century

Vestnik MGSU 4/2015
  • Voznyak Ekaterina Ryurikovna - Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPSUACE) Candidate of Architecture, Associate Professor, Department of Architectural and Town-Planning Heritage, Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPSUACE), 4 2-ya Krasnoarmeyskaya str., Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Pages 15-25

The article analyzes the architectural details and column orders construction of an outstanding architect of Pavlovsk’s classicism Vincenzo Brenna. Architectural forms creation is an important but not well investigated area in the history of architecture. Knowledge of architectural elements enables us to better understand and explore the creativity of the architect, which is necessary for époque identifying and determining the authenticity of a monument and its elements. The name of Vincenzo Brenna stands apart among the architects of the late 18th century. Works of Brenna are significantly different from the works of the other architects of the period of strict classicism. His works were severely criticized and were almost forgotten, the authorship was disputable and the projects were fathered to other architects. Though the art works of Brenna are very significant for the image of Saint Petersburg. The article identifies individual elements of architectural decisions in the orders and decorations of Brenna’s facades manifested in the Baroque freedom of drawing elements order in combination with the classical solution rigor.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2015.4.15-25

References
  1. Grabar’ I.E. Istoriya russkogo iskusstva. T. 3. Peterburgskaya arkhitektura v XVIII i XIX veke [History of Russian Art. Vol. 3. Architecture of Saint Petersburg in 18th and 19th Century]. Moscow, I. Knebel’ Publ., 1912, 584 p. (In Russian)
  2. Lansere N.E. Vinchentso Brenna [Vincenzo Brenna]. Saint Petersburg, Kolo Publ., 2006, 286 p. (In Russian)
  3. Shvidkovskiy D.O. Arkhitekturnaya sud’ba Pavla I [Architectural Destiny of Paul I]. Rossiya v kraskakh [Russia in Colors]. Available at: http://ricolor.org/history/mn/pv/arh/. Date of access: 12.01.2015. (In Russian)
  4. Shvidkovskiy D.O. Anglo-russkie svyazi v arkhitekture vtoroy poloviny XVIII — nachala XIX stoletiya : avtoreferat dissertatsii doktora iskusstvovedeniya [Britain-Russia Relations in the Architecture of the Second Half of 18 — Early 19 Century : Thesis of the Doctor of Art Criticism]. Moscow, VNIITAG Publ., 1994, 47 p. (In Russian)
  5. Shuyskiy V.K. Vinchentso Brenna [Vincenzo Brenna]. Zodchie Sankt-Peterburga. XVIII vek [Architects of Saint Petersburg. 18th Century]. Saint Petersburg, 1997, pp. 770—827. (In Russian)
  6. Shuyskiy V.K. Zolotoy vek barokko i klassitsizma v Sankt-Peterburge [Golden Age of Baroque and Classicism in Saint Petersburg]. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf Publ.; Saint Petersburg, MIM-Del’ta Publ., 2008, 288 p. (In Russian)
  7. Shvidkovskiy D.O., Revzina Yu.E. Kogda rodilas’ klassicheskaya arkhitektura i est’ li u nee budushchee? [When the Classical Architecture was Born and What Kind of Future Doest it Have?]. Dom Burganova. Prostranstvo kul’tury [The House of Burganov. Cultural Space]. 2014, no. 2, pp. 15—32. (In Russian)
  8. Vin’ola Dzh. Pravilo pyati orderov arkhitektury : sbornik [The Rool of Five Orders in the Architecture]. Translated from Italian. Moscow, Vsesoyuznaya akademiya arkhitektury Publ., 1939, 168 p. (Klassiki teorii arkhitektury [Classics of Architectural Theory]). (In Russian)
  9. Palladio A. Chetyre knigi ob arkhitekture [Four Books on Architecture]. Translated from Italian. by I.V. Zholtovskiy. Reprint. Moscow, Stroyizdat Publ., 1989, 350 p. (In Russian)
  10. Barabanova O.A. Dzhakomo Kvarengi i Klod-Nikolya Ledu [Giacomo Quarenghi and Claude-Nicolas Ledoux]. Izvestiya Ural’skogo federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Gumanitarnye nauki [News of the Ural Federal University. Series 2. Humanities]. 2006, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 119—130. (In Russian)
  11. Ketova K.S. Istoriograficheskiy obzor i analiz stepeni izuchennosti biografii grafa F.B. Rastrelli [Historiographical Review and Analysis of Exploration Degree of Count F.B. Rastrelli Biography]. Zhurnal nauchnykh publikatsiy aspirantov i doktorantov [Journal of Scientific Publications of Postgraduate and Doctoral Srudents]. 2011, no. 4 (58), pp. 40—43. (In Russian)
  12. Blondel F. Cours d’architecture. Paris, 1675—1683. Available at: http://archgrafika.ru/news/francois_blondel_cours_d_architecture_enseigne_dans_l_academie_royale_d_architecture/2008-11-11-18. Date of access: 12.01.2015.
  13. Blondel J.-F. Cours d’Architecture ou traite de la decoration, distribution et construction de batimens. Paris, vol. 9, pp. 1771—1777. Available at: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k857044. Date of access: 12.01.2015.
  14. Laugier M.-A. Essay on Architecture. Paris, 1755. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/essayonarchitect00laugrich#page/n7/mode/2up. Date of access: 12.01.2015.
  15. Shvidkovskiy D.O. Puti razvitiya rossiyskoy arkhitektury [Ways of Russian Architectural Development]. Prostranstvo i Vremya [Space and Time]. 2013, no. 1 (11), pp. 103—116. (In Russian)
  16. Shvidkovskiy D.O. Ekaterina II i Pavel I : Politicheskie otnosheniya v arkhitekture [Katherine II and Paul I : Political Relations in Architecture]. Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya [Historical Journal: Scientific Investigations]. 2011, no. 6, pp. 84—94. (In Russian)
  17. Sementsov S.V. Etapy formirovaniya prostranstvennoy sredy Sankt-Peterburga [Stages of Space Environment Formation in Saint Peterburg]. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov [Proceedings of Civil Engineers]. 2006, no. 2, pp. 15—20. (In Russian)
  18. Nikiforova L.V. Kul’turnaya istoriya ordera: muzhskoe/zhenskoe v obrazakh ordernoy arkhitektury XVIII stoletiya [Cultural History of the Order: Male/Female in Order Architecture Forms of the 18th Century]. Obshchestvo. Sreda. Razvitie [Society. Environment. Development]. 2011, no. 4, pp. 158—162. (In Russian)
  19. Lebedeva G.S. Arkhitekturnaya teoriya Vitruviya [Architectural Theory of Vitruvius]. Iskusstvoznanie [Art Criticism]. 2009, no. 3—4, pp. 5—34. (In Russian)
  20. Kal’nitskaya E.Ya. Tsvetnoy kamen’ v istorii i restavratsii Mikhaylovskogo zamka [Colored Stones in History and Restoration of St. Michael’s Castle]. Izvestiya Ural’skogo federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Gumanitarnye nauki [News of the Ural Federal University. Series 2. Humanities]. 2008, vol. 59, no. 16, pp. 259—269. (In Russian)
  21. Mikhaylovskiy zamok. Restavratsiya i novye proekty v istoricheskikh inter’erakh [St. Michael’s Castle. Restoration and New Projects in Historical Interiors]. Vestnik. Zodchiy. 21 vek [Bulletin. Architect. 21st Century]. 2014, no. 4 (53), pp. 60—65. (In Russian)

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PERIPTERY: THE MEANING OF THE WORD

Vestnik MGSU 8/2012
  • Churakov Sergey Konstantinovich - Moscow Architectural Institute Associated Professor, Department of Soviet and Modern Foreign Architecture 8 (495) 62 1-40-85, Moscow Architectural Institute, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation; This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Pages 46 - 53

The author analyzes the origin and the history of the periptery, examines into the etymology of
this word, and traces its roots in Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.
The history of classical architecture is full of myths. One of them is related to the origin of
periptery, the main type of a classical antique temple. Traditionally, it dates back to the samples
of the 7th-4th centuries B.C., although it is obvious that this type of temples has a longer history.
The term "periptery" is said to originate from an ancient cult established prior to the construction
of the Greek Pantheon. It is composed of the two Greek words: "peri" - around, near,
and "pteron" - a side wing, a side colonnade or an outhouse. As a result, the initial defi nition is
formed - "winged from all sides", while all present-day sources (e.g. Encyclopedia Britannica) use
a much simpler translation - "rectangular building with a colonnade on all four sides".
However, speaking about the drama of post and lintel elements in the Order System, it is not
apparent why, for example, the Temple of Poseidon at Paestum or the Parthenon can be called
"winged", particularly, the Temple of Poseidon, with its ponderous Doric Order. And strictly speaking,
so sensual a tune is typical for the Hellenistic period.
The "winged" theme has nothing to do with the forms of the Periptery or its proportions. Minoan
and Mycenaean temples are a lot older than the Greek ones, therefore, the "winged" may
mean natural encircling of the temple with The Sacred Bird images. These birds were the permanent
"characters" of the Mysteries throughout the Mediterranean region and Ancient East. In the
Sumerian-Acadian culture, the word "fortune" was depicted as a hieroglyph that looked like a bird,
and fortune "management" was one of the functions of the supreme deity.
One of the translations of the word "pteron" is not just a "wing", but also a "winged creature" (a
bird, a griffi n, a sphinx). Polybius (201 - 122 B.C.) used "periptery" in the meaning of "surrounded
by columns", but much later Plutarch (46 - 127 A.D.) named it "a side colonnade" and "a side building".
Practically, the name of one of the temple elements was applied to the whole structure, which
indicated a special role of this "side colonnade", as the main visual sign of the temple being attributed
to the Supreme Deity. The classical form of the Periptery had two essential elements; they were
the two sculptures of birds on top of the columns that surrounded it on three sides, and proto-ionic
columns in front of the main Facade and in the cella (as in a temple in Neandria). Later, the main Facade
evolved as a column portico with a pediment, and on each of its corner akroterion - a sphinx
or a griffin - was placed, while the whole structure was crowned by an antefix formed as a palmette.
This is our reconstruction of the evolution of this type of temple in the course of 600 years, from
the 16th century B.C. through the 10th century B.C.

DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2012.8.46 - 53

References
  1. Losev A.F. Istoriya antichnoy estetiki [History of Ancient Aesthetics]. Moscow, Iskusstvo Publ., 1979, 727 p.
  2. D’yakonov I.M. Arkhaicheskie mify Vostoka i Zapada [Archaic Myths of East and West]. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ., 2004, 248 p.
  3. Kifi shin A.G., Akimova L.I., editor. Vvedenie v khram. Opyt rekonstruktsii shumero-vavilonskogo mifo-rituala [Introduction into the Temple. Practical Reconstruction of Mythological Rituals of Shumerians and Babylonians]. Moscow, 1998, pp. 27—49.

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