Subject: the subject of this research is the extension of the history of the Yaroslavsky Station building and its interiors’ reconstruction and restoration caused by changes in the cultural and historical development of Russia. Objective: to generalize the scattered data related to the Yaroslavsky station building construction and reconstruction; to find out what the impact of external conditions related to the various periods of development of Russian history and culture on the appearance of the station was; to find actual materials about restorers’ actions in the last decades; to trace the change in the functional peculiarities of the station. Methods: the methodology of the article is based on the principles of objectivity, consistency and historicism. With the help of historical and genetic method, the conditions that gave birth to the need to create the station, the reasons that contributed to the constant changes in the design of the building, its interiors and their content were examined. The functioning of the station building in a capital city was described by systematization of separate materials, generalization and analysis of data from various sources. Results: the main result was the statement that the Yaroslavsky station, being an important public building, retains significant changes in the development of Russian society in its history and appearance and reflects new ideas implemented in construction practice. Significant changes in the appearance and scale of the station building were noted; they occurred after the revolutionary events of 1917, the victory in the Great Patriotic War, the increase in passenger flow in the 1960s and attempts to restore the elements of historical interiors and exteriors of the station of the Shekhtel’s reconstruction time since the 1990s. The actual materials for the reconstruction and restoration of the station building in last decades, the expansion of the functions of the station premises, as well as the prospects for the development of work in this direction were elicited from various sources. Conclusion: the interesting experience of construction and reconstruction of the Yaroslavsky station allows saving and positioning of the most valuable elements of the building, designed by outstanding architects, tracing the nature of the semantic and engineering changes. The materials complement our ideas about the mutual influence of the transport system development and public consciousness on the architecture of the railway stations. The prospects for the preservation of the cultural heritage and the expansion of its functions are shown.

Dynamics of the functional and planning development of the city of Anyang, the former capital of China, is considered. Based on the analysis of the stages of the city’s development, several master plans and the main historical urban development situations, the logic of the historical development of the functional-planning structure of Anyang is revealed. The identification and consideration of this logic in urban planning policy is one of the important conditions for the sustainable development of any historic city, including Anyang. The unconditional relevance of the topic of the article is also due to the fact that under conditions of the activity of the construction complex that has grown in the last five years, the process of transformation of the historical planning structure has begun, which negatively affects the possibility of preserving the identity of the image of the former capital of China. A high degree of detail in the analysis of interrelated factors in the formation of the city planning structure of Anyang is new in the scientific literature about this city, whose focus is limited to local lore and generalized urban planning aspects. This research approach has made it possible to identify sustainable urban development nodes and development axes, which must be taken into account in the development of modern urban planning documentation. The text and graphical illustrations of the article approve a promising methodical approach to research of the dynamics of development of historical cities. Subject: the main regularities of the interconnected development of the planning structure of Anyang in specific landscape, historical, social and economic conditions. Research objectives: by means of a comparative analysis of the parameters of the original landscape, historical plans and data for the dynamics of economic development, we reveal the main patterns of the development of the planning structure of Anyang. Materials and methods: the nature and parameters of the original landscape were studied using cartographic material by calculating the difference in the altitude of the earth along the latitudinal and meridional directions, and by making sections along the site, including river valleys. All data is in metric system of measurement. With a qualitative assessment of individual sites and zones, we took into account the seasonality, direction and power of the wind according to the data of reference books [1, 2]. The historical and social characteristics of the identified periods of development of Anyang were compiled on the basis of demographic data on the composition and size of population [3, 4], as well as according to the official reports of the governmental structures of Anyang [5, 6]. Stages of economic development of the city were determined on the basis of official sources [7, 8]. A comparative analysis of city plans and master plans was carried out by layer-by-layer overlapping of the developed planning schemes, reduced to the same scale in the metric system of measurement. We particularly focused on separate urban development nodes and directions of highways and roads which steadily maintained their position. Results: the study revealed the main regularities of the interrelated development of the planning structure of Anyang in specific landscape, historical, social and economic conditions. Conclusions: the conducted research made it possible to identify basic regularities of the historical development of the planning structure of Anyang, induced by landscape, historical, social and economic factors, such as the stage-by-stage enrichment of the initially basic orthogonal planning structure by more free layouts and the formation of the cruciform system of the main planning axes.

Subject of research: the main heat loss occurs through the building fence. In the paper, the object of research is enclosing structures with different thermal conductivity. The problem of moisture accumulation in the wall is quite relevant. One of the main problems in construction is saving on building materials and improper design of building envelope. This in turn leads to a violation of the heat and humidity regime in the wall. This paper presents one of the methods to address this issue. Purpose: description of heat and humidity conditions in the wall fence of high-rise buildings. It is also necessary to analyze the relationship between the thermophysical characteristics. Materials and methods: the temperature distribution in the layers will be analyzed on the basis of the structure consisting of 10 layers; the layer thickness is 0.05 m. Materials with different thermal conductivity were used. Each subsequent layer differed in thermal conductivity from the previous one by 0.01. Next, these layers are mixed. The calculation of the humidity regime includes finding the temperature distribution along the thickness of the fence at a given temperature of the outside air. The quality factor of the temperature distribution is the maximum average temperature. This research are conducted in the field of energy efficiency. Results: the higher the average wall temperature, the lower the air temperature differs from the wall temperature. In addition, the higher the average temperature of the wall, the drier the surface inside the wall. However, moisture accumulates on the surface inside the room. The working capacity of multilayer enclosing structures is determined by the temperature distribution and distribution of moisture in the layers. Conclusions: moisture movement through the fence is due to the difference in the partial pressure of water vapor contained in the indoor and outdoor air. A layer with minimal thermal conductivity should be located on the outer surface of the wall in a multi-storey building. The maximum change in the amplitude of temperature fluctuations is observed in the layer adjacent to the surface by periodic thermal effects. It is also taken into account that the process of heat absorption has a great influence on the temperature change in the thickness of the wall fence to the greatest extent within the layer of sharp fluctuations (outer layer). The Central part of the wall (bearing layer) will be the driest. These calculations are satisfied with the design of the ventilated facade.

Subject: transport of fluid containing suspended solid particles significantly affects the strength and stability of underground storage facilities, tunnels and hydraulic structures. The process of suspension filtration and displacement of suspension by a flow of fluid is considered in this article. Research background: filtration problems have been intensively studied for the last half-century. During this period, filtration models have become much more advanced. When modeling long-term deep bed filtration, modern researchers have to take into account the numerous factors that influence the transport and deposition of microscopic particles in the porous media. A number of models are being constructed on the basis of balance relationship between suspended and retained particles. Stochastic approaches to filtration problems using the Boltzmann model, network models and random walk equations are also successfully being developed. Research objectives: the study of an advanced one-dimensional model of suspension filtration in a solid porous medium when the suspension is being displaced with pure water. Materials and methods: we consider the process of displacement of suspension with pure water in a porous medium at which the transfer of fine particles and the accumulation of a deposit occur. The mechanical and geometric interaction of particles with a porous medium is the basis of our mathematical model: the solid particles freely pass through the large pores and get stuck in the pores whose size is smaller than the particle diameter. It is assumed that the fluid flow or other particles cannot knock out the retained particles. Deep bed filtration model is described by the equation of mass balance of suspended and retained particles of suspension and the kinetic equation for growth of deposit. When deep bed filtration process is long, the number of free small pores is significantly reduced, which leads to the changes in permeability and porosity of the porous medium. In order to account for this phenomenon, in contrast to the classical filtration equations, the dependence of the coefficients of mass balance equation on deposit concentration is introduced. In this problem at the initial moment a porous medium is filled with a suspension of retained and suspended particles at given concentrations. At filter inlet the pure water starts flowing, which displaces the suspension and gradually fills the porous medium. In the porous medium with pure water the filtering of suspension is terminated, the suspended particles concentration becomes zero, and the retained particles concentration is constant. The numerical calculation is performed by the method of finite differences. Results: for the deep bed filtration problem with variable porosity and permeability, a moving boundary between two phases has been identified, i.e., the front of the moving water flow, and its graph is constructed. Three-dimensional plots of retained and suspended particles concentrations and plots of their two-dimensional cross-section at a fixed time and for a prescribed distance from the filter input are created. The numerical solution is compared with the exact solution for the case of constant coefficients. Conclusions: it is shown that the filtration model with constant functions of porosity and permeability for small values of time can be a linear approximation of more general nonlinear models. Practical significance: planning and development of modern technologies for wastewater and industrial waste treatment, protection of underground structures from groundwater and flood waters, strengthening of porous soil by the concrete grouting method are based on the results of mathematical modeling of filtration problems. The results of the paper allow us to reduce the amount and cost of laboratory research and optimize the cleaning technologies of filter systems.

Subject: friction piles in pile foundations and methods of their analysis. A disadvantage of the existing strength design of reinforced concrete piles is the assumption that the concrete and steel reinforcement reach the ultimate (design) stress simultaneously. A disadvantage of the design by soil bearing capacity is the transfer of the load to the ground via the friction forces that arise at the pile «failure» (movement), which should not be allowed in the structures since the pile must be fixed at the soil base. Research objectives: improve the reliability of the friction pile design in the soil base by the criterion of strength of reinforced concrete pile material and by the criterion of the soil base bearing capacity. Materials and methods: investigation of the friction pile response in the soil base using the results of experiments on a trial pile. Results: the article presents the equation for the design of reinforced concrete piles by strength and by the soil base bearing capacity criteria. The topic of design of friction pile is relevant because it is devoted to a deeper understanding of the pile response in the soil base and, on this basis, to the development of pile design methods by the pile’s material strength and the soil base bearing capacity criteria. Conclusions: reliability of pile design results and reliability of pile operation are increased; prerequisites for the development of new design standards are created.

Subject: interaction of the moving vehicle with asphalt concrete road pavement. Research objectives: analysis of influence of dynamic loads from the moving vehicle on the road pavement with asphalt concrete. Materials and methods: interaction models are based on the impulse approach (impulse of dynamic loads) and dynamic factor. Results: creation of the mathematical model which is based on the impulse approach and allows us to determine the load on the pavement as a function of vehicle speed. Conclusions: 1) when the speed increases, the force exerted by the moving vehicle on pavement quickly decreases, reaching a minimum at some speed, and then slowly increases; 2) there exists the optimum vehicle speed for the highway exploitation, at which the impact of the force on the road is minimum; it is possible to increase the pavement longevity if this speed for road exploitation is complied with.

The subject of the research: the ecological justification of planting a large city in the context of the formation of conditions for its sustainable development. Objectives: to develop a methodology for determining priorities for planting to minimize the risks of damage to the environment and public health. Materials and methods: statistical and cartographic data, full-scale investigations of insolation regime and humidity characteristics, compositional city planning and technogenic nuances that cause the ecology of a million-industrial city (using an example of Volgograd). Research methods - statistical and cartographo-correlation analysis, geoinformation modeling, valuation technique for spread of pollution on the ground. Results: local and summary maps of atmospheric air pollution in Volgograd were built by industrial enterprises with the definition of the boundaries of pollution and the population under the influence; the zones of noise pollution and dispersion of carbon monoxide from motor vehicles (up to 180 m) were estimated, and as well as a higher content of heavy metals in soils near highways with a higher percentage of freight transport in the stream was detected; the oppressed state of the system of urban planting and below the normative provision of the population with plantations of common use were revealed. It has been established that sanitary protection zones do not have the proper density of green mass. Direct correlation between pollution levels and morbidity indicators, as well as inverse relationships between morbidity rates and the degree of planting are revealed. The author’s algorithm for calculating the requirement ratio for planting (KPO) is developed, which allows to assess the ecological picture of the analyzed territory, its potential for living / recreation of the citizens without the risk of causing direct harm or long-term health consequences, and the requirement for operational implementation environmental protection measures in the form of planting. Conclusions: 1) in Volgograd, foci of ecological disadvantage have clearly formed, under unfavorable weather conditions, at least 120,000 people will be exposed; 2) planting is in a depressed state, and the population’s supply of public green spaces is below the standard level by 2.5 times as a whole in the city and 3-4 times in some administrative districts; 3) the revealed correlation links testify to the negative impact of man-made impact factors and the compensation potential of the public access system of urban planting; 4) the developed author’s algorithm for calculating the requirement ratio for planting (KPO) allowed to carry out a comprehensive ecological zoning in Volgograd, to determine the priorities for environmental protection measures and from the ecological point of view to structure the concept of urban planting.

Subject: in this paper we discuss a method of calculation of the increase in mean water discharge during spring debacle of water streams in cryosphere. The main features of the debacle of water streams of river mouth zones in cryosphere are considered: ice drift, regular formation and destruction of ice jams, catastrophic floodings and washout holes. We discuss the methods of forecast of ice jams based on the estimate of the water discharge upstream of the potential cross-section of ice accumulation. Research objectives: theoretical investigation of flow velocity distribution over the depth of the stream during the ice breakup and its application for estimation of the stream velocity during the ice breakup. Materials and methods: the results of papers that describe the remote methods of estimating the speed of ice on the surface of water are analyzed. The aerophotography and satellite imagery methods, which enable us to estimate the stream velocity and water discharge during the ice breakup, are analyzed. These methods permit us to calculate current velocity profile and water discharge during breakup. Possibility of using logarithmic and power laws for description of flow velocity profile over the depth is investigated. The advantages of estimation of stream resistance with the help of Darcy-Weisbach coefficient in comparison with Manning’s roughness coefficient are discussed. Results: we consider application of power law for distribution of velocity over the depth to calculate the specific discharge of the water stream with ice floes on the surface. By integrating the specific discharge values through the width of a stream with the use of independently measured depth and water levels, one obtains water discharge of the stream. The method assumes that the ice run is not highly dense, and the stream velocity profile is not considerably different from that of an open stream due to the quick motion of ice on the water surface. Calculated magnitude of specific water discharge includes the water discharge moving along with the ice and the water discharge inside the permeable ice layer. The magnitudes of porosity of permeable ice layer during the ice breakup in rivers are presented. Conclusions: the research shows that application of power law velocity profile for estimation of stream discharge during the ice breakup has some advantages as compared with the logarithmic one. In particular, it becomes unnecessary to define the roughness coefficient during the ice drift, which is not a less difficult task than the estimation of water discharge. The improved method based on the power law velocity profile, developed in this paper, enables one to reduce the error of the method, as compared with the method based on logarithmic law velocity profile.

Research subject: research on the improvement of modern membrane methods of well water purification with the purpose of creating a universal effective technology for removing hardness salts, iron, fluorides, ammonium, strontium from water, etc. from water. Experimental studies have been carried out to determine the quality of water purification by water membranes from iron ions, stiffness and fluoride, and also to determine the rates of formation of calcium carbonate precipitations on membranes. For various cases of well water cleaning in the Podolsky District of New Moscow, an economic comparison of the newly developed membrane technology with the “classical” technological solutions offered by the main leading domestic companies was carried out. Objectives: justification of the effectiveness of the application of a newly developed membrane technology for the purification of well water based on a comparison of its economic and environmental indicators with the indicators of technologies currently existing in the market of water treatment equipment. Materials and methods: an overview of the methods for cleaning well water from various contaminants, a description of technological schemes, and their advantages and disadvantages is shown. A new approach to the development of technological schemes for wastewater treatment with a minimum consumption of water for own needs is described, consisting in processing water in two stages. Experiments were carried out to determine the technological characteristics of membrane units (the filtrate output, the rates of precipitation formation on the membranes). The studies were carried out on laboratory stands using nanofiltration membranes with different selectivities indicators. The determination of the costs of service reagents and equipment costs was carried out with the help of calculations according to a program previously developed by the authors to determine the technological characteristics of membrane units. Results: calculations show that membranes effectively retain iron, hardness and fluoride ions even at high values of the filtrate output (0.75...0.9). In the development of units, preference should be given to the use of membranes with low selectivity, low energy consumption, and low reagent costs. This was demonstrated using the experimentally obtained dependences of the rate of growth of the calcium carbonate precipitate on the type of membranes and the multiplicity of the volumetric concentration of the source water. Conclusions: the use of universal membrane systems in container design for the purification of well water at a flow rate of 10 m³/h and above shows that even in the simplest cases (removal of only iron from water) the proposed technology demonstrates high economic and ecological effect in comparison with the technologies traditionally used for this purpose due to its simplicity, small size, the absence of reagents and wastewater. The use of universal units makes it possible to easily cover large areas with a large number of wells and consumers due to their construction, installation and maintenance according to a single scheme.

Subject: the algorithms and software for numerical analysis of flow-measuring structures in open channels are considered. The actual accuracy of measurements and range of application of such structures are limited by the conditions of preliminary experimental studies. The empirical formulas given in literature are in most cases insufficient for correct estimate of the metrological characteristics reliability and the applicability limits of hydrometric structures. Research objectives: development of software package for the analysis of hydrometric structures which ensures an increase of measurement results reliability and expansion of the range of flow measurements in open channels of water management systems. Materials and methods: based on trial calculations, we have identified and analyzed the shortcomings of the known general software packages for fluid flow analysis in terms of calculation of water discharge characteristics of hydrometric structures. We have developed the numerical algorithms and modules of a specialized software package for analysis of hydrometric structures without the drawbacks inherent to universal software products. Results: the computer software package for analysis of hydrometric structures based on the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in a three-dimensional formulation was created and tested on several types of flow-measuring structures. For increasing accuracy of discharge calculation, the new program module for generation of the grid with hexoidal cells was developed. The individual boundary and initial conditions for different structures are prescribed depending on free-flow or variable backwater regime. All calculation procedures, from the input of initial data to the output of results of the analysis in text or graphical form, are performed automatically, without participation of the user. As an example, the software testing was performed on the Crump weir calculation and the results of the test are given. Conclusions: according to the test results, the error in calculating the discharge characteristics doesn’t exceed 2…4 % depending on the type of hydrometric structure, which meets the requirements of technological and commercial water accounting. Thus, the developed software package can be used to increase the accuracy and expand the range of measurements of existing hydrometric structures, develop new types of water accounting facilities and study in depth their operation under non-standard conditions.