Transformation of a two-dimensional composition into a volumetric and spatial solution is based on the abstract art painting. Theoretical part of the style of the twenties laid the basic groundwork for this solution. The group "Unovis" under the supervision of Malevich aimed to create the "Suprematic Utilitarian World": the development of a new architecture, a new ornament and new forms of furniture, as well as a new type of a modern book. The theory of P. Mondrian and the group "Style" had a tremendous effect on the architecture of the twentieth century, and first of all due to the “Bauhaus” school of design, that clearly represented the rationalistic principles of architecture. Originated in art a new understanding of the material world was reflected in architecture in the most striking and decisive manner. It can be illustrated by the example of modern prominent architects who also use the methods created by artists of the early twentieth century. For example, a designer and architect Zaha Hadid uses this method in many of her projects. When modeling her future projects she designs a volumetric and spatial conceptual model - composition of desired architectural space, using suprematic composition as a basis. Modeling method makes it possible to solve a range of problems competently and methodically interesting. Their solution is necessary for the architectural practice, conceptual design and training. Among the tasks lying "on the surface" of architectural creativity we can emphasize the following: 1. Abstracting. The aim is to design a volumetric and spatial conceptual model - a composition of desired architectural space, which will reflect reality from a new angle. 2. Conceptualization allows to reveal the main idea, the basic concept, the design principle in artistic activity, to investigate the conditions of functioning and aesthetic perception of architectural work in general. 3. Defining the structure and variability in the modular design of architectural objects. In the work, the author has investigated the process of environment volumetric and spatial solution based on planar images. Study of certain laws, clearly seen in the practice of many contemporary architects and designers, has been oriented on identifying the main principles for the development of graphical models of composite grid to create a new space.

The article deals with the problem of urban planning of new social space of metropolises in order to involve Hi-hume technologies in this process, which are formed under the decisive influence of information technologies. Centrifugal tendencies are strengthened in the process of urbanization. The metropolis reflecting the diversity of its functions is turning into a "space of stream" with a polycentric structure, imbued with functional links. The need for reverse social bonds makes it necessary to create an effective communication interaction by means of modern architecture and urban planning decisions. Hi-hume technologies are presented as ones that provide a certain human behavior to create a harmonic friendly and self-sufficient environment. The space activity of people (in a professional sense - the activity of an architect) in the intention boiled down to design and distribution of meanings within a universal theoretical and methodological system or to formation of the "urban artifact" in a unique historical and cultural context. There are specific examples of formation of the 21st century metropolis: the projects of complex development of the Big Paris and in Russia - the project of the Big Moscow. The increased sociability (of a human being) is the subject of philosophical reflection over the interpretation of the new form of sociality as essentially communicative. Le Corbusier gives an idea of the primacy of the internal space over the external in the world-view of a person and suggests the necessity of sustaining spatial immune systems to protect a person against the absorption in social superstructures. Architects defend the idea of the "emotional experience of emptiness" necessity by the residents of cities. Hi-Tech has outpaced the development of the social sphere. And significance of Hi-hume technologies is that they contribute to social selection of individuals, who are the conductors of their impact.

In everyday life we constantly face absurd things, which seem to lack common sense. The notion of the absurd acts as: a) an aesthetic category; b) an element of logic; c) a metaphysical phenomenon. The opportunity of its overcoming is achieved through the understanding of the situation, the faith in the existence of sense and hope for his understanding. The architecture of absurd should be considered as a loss of sense of a part of architectural landscape (urban) environment. The ways of organization of the architecture of absurd: the exaggerated forms and proportions, the unnatural position and apposition of various objects. These are usually small-scale facilities that have local spatial and temporary value. There are no large absurd architectural spaces, as the natural architectural environment dampens the perturbation of sense-sphere. The architecture of absurd is considered «pathology» of the environment. «Nonsense» objects and hope (or even faith) to detect sense generate a fruitful paradox of architecture of absurd presence in the world.

Most parts of Iran have water shortage, so we do regard it as a land with limited water sources. At least Iran is not among the lands having high water levels. In Iran water is considered a holy element, and having a garden for relaxing was one of the concerns of Persian ancestors. Therefore, Persians really tried to create gardens to associate with Paradise in their minds. Persian garden is one of the best effects of meaning that has come from Persian beliefs. Persians have become experts in creating gardens and their unique style is now one of the four main styles in designing gardens. The most amazing element in Persian gardens is water, because it is a land, where there is no rain for six-seven months in the year and people always pray for rain. Every year there is a great religious ceremony appealing to the God for rain.

The superelement of a column of rectangular section made of homogeneous material and intended for linear analysis, developed by authors earlier on the basis of the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, is updated with reference to static analysis of reinforced concrete columns with account for geometrical nonlinearity. In order to get the superelement the column is divided on sections and longwise into eight-node solid finite elements modelling the concrete and two nodes rod elements modelling reinforcement. The elements are connected with one another in the nodes of finite element mesh that provides joint operation of concrete and reinforcement. The internal nodes of the obtained finite element mesh are excluded at the stage of stiffness matrix and load vector of a column calculation. Formulas for calculation of linearized stiffness matrix of a superelement and a vector of the nodal forces statically equivalent to internal stresses are received. The element is adjusted to the computer program PRINS, and can be used for geometrically nonlinear analysis of complex structures containing reinforced concrete columns of rectangular section. Separately standing reinforced concrete column was calculated on longitudinal-transverse bending for the verification of the received superelement. The critical load was determined according to the results of calculation. The determined critical force value corresponds to the theoretical value. Thus, the proposed method of accounting for the geometric nonlinearity in the analysis of reinforced concrete columns can be recommended for practical use.

This paper considers the problem of optimal recovery of bounded analytic functions. Namely, the values of these functions are determined at the point from their values at n given points lying in the unit circle. At first, we recall the necessary basic concepts: error of approximation by some method (which is a complex function of n complex variables), the best approximation method. Some theorems from the works of K.U. Osipenko are discussed: on the existence of a best linear approximation method and on calculating the error of best recovery method. After that we write out the formula for finding the error of best approximation method of bounded analytic functions in a unit circle. The lemma of conformal invariance of optimal recovery problem of these functions follows. We prove that under conformal mapping of the unit circle onto itself the error of the best approximation method before mapping coincides with the error of the best approximation method after mapping. It is also proved that a linear best method after conformal mapping coincides with the linear best restore method before this mapping (wherein the problem of optimal recovery after mapping is considered on the images of n given points lying in the original unit circle). Finally, we consider the problem of optimal recovery of bounded analytic functions in a circle in special case when the given points coincide with the vertices of a regular n-gon, and the point itself coincides with its center (which coincides with the origin). We prove that all the coefficients of the best linear method in this case are identical (wherein we apply the lemma of conformal invariance of optimal recovery problem of bounded analytic functions). The formulas for calculating these coefficients are given (for this purpose we write out an integral). The result is the smart, simple formulas for calculating the coefficients of the best linear approximation method for this particular case.

Thin cylindrical shells are widely used in construction, engineering and other industries. In case of designing a reservoir for the isothermal storage of liquefied gases such cases are inevitable, when housing requires various technical holes. A point wise added mass can appear into practice in the form of suspended spotlights, radar, architectural inclusions in buildings and structures of various purposes. It is known, that the dynamic asymmetry as an initial irregular geometric shape, including holes, and the added mass leads to specific effects in shells. In the paper the impact of a cut on the frequency and form of its own vibrations of thin circular cylindrical shells is theoretically examined with the help of the equations of linear shallow shell theory. For modal equations with Nav’e boundary conditions, we used the Bubnov - Galerkin method. The authors have expressed a formula for finding the lowest of the split-frequency vibrations of a shell with a cutout. It is stated, that in case of an appropriate choice of added mass value the lower frequencies are comparable with the case of vibrations of a shell with a hole. By numerical and experimental modeling and finite element method in the environment of MSC "Nastran" oscillation frequencies a shell supporting a concentrated mass and a shell with a cutout were compared. It is shown, that the results of the dynamic analysis of shells with holes with a suitable choice of the attached mass values are comparable with the results of the analysis of shells carrying a point mass. It was concluded that the edges in the holes, significantly affect the reduction in the lowest frequency, and need to be strengthened.

The author presents the results of calculations of eccentrically compressed elements in the ultimate limit state of bearing capacity, taking into account all possiblestresses in the longitudinal reinforcement from the R
_s to the R
_sc, caused by different values of eccentricity longitudinal force. The method of calculation is based on the simultaneous solution of the equilibrium equations of the longitudinal forces and internal forces with the equilibrium equations of bending moments in the ultimate limit state of the normal sections. Simultaneous solution of these equations, as well as additional equations, reflecting the stress-strain limit state elements, leads to the solution of a cubic equation with respect to height of uncracked concrete, or with respect to the carrying capacity. According to the author it is a significant advantage over the existing methods, in which the equilibrium equations using longitudinal forces obtained one value of the height, and the equilibrium equations of bending moments - another. Theoretical studies of the author, in this article and the reasons to calculate specific examples showed that a decrease in the eccentricity of the longitudinal force in the limiting state of eccentrically compressed concrete elements height uncracked concrete height increases, the tension in the longitudinal reinforcement area gradually (not abruptly) goes from a state of tension compression, and load-bearing capacity of elements it increases, which is also confirmed by the experimental results. Designed journalist calculations of eccentrically compressed elements for 4 cases of eccentric compression, instead of 2 - as set out in the regulations, fully cover the entire spectrum of possible cases of the stress-strain limit state elements that comply with the European standards for reinforced concrete, in particular Eurocode 2 (2003).

At present, while evaluating bored piles load capacity in clay soils by CPT data, the depth of active area below the end face plane, within which the averaging of CPT values takes place, is taken as different in different Codes. Thus, for instance, in native Codes and Recommendations the depth of active area is taken from 2 to 4 pile diameters. In foreign Codes such as Belorussian, the depth of active area is taken up to 4 pile diameters and in European Codes - within 0,8-4 pile diameters. In order to specify the regularities of active area forming at different stages of loading, in-situ experimental investigations of large scale models have been carried out. At the test site, two small scale bored piles with the diameter of 130 mm were penetrated into the soil to the depth of 1100 m. The investigations were carried out in two stages: the first - pile static test with measuring of soil vertical displacements with the help of deep marks; the second - digging out soil around the pile and soil sampling at different depths. According to the results of the investigations carried out, the depth of the active area while reaching the limit state was determined to be about two pile diameters. With significant pile settlements (more than 0,58 d), the dimensions of this area do not exceed three pile diameters below the end face plane, and two diameters to the side from the pile axis. Within the lateral surface the significant variation of soil physical characteristics appears to be at the distance not less than 0,4 pile diameter from the lateral surface. Due to investigations’ results, it can be noted that in case of bored pile load less than the limit one, the depth of the active area is about two pile diameters. When the pile reaches its limit state, that provokes significant settlements, zone of compaction does not exceed three diameters to the depth and two diameters to the side from the pile axis.

The method and low-energy intensive technology of manufacturing products of foamed concrete are developed providing bringing-in a solar energy in technological conversion for reducing the energy consumption for heat treating, allowing to obtain high quality products at low cost with a diurnal cycle of production. Thereby, the use of a minimal amount of additional electrical energy is stipulated for providing a consistence of temperature fields in the cross section of helio heated products in landfills in combination with solar energy. Until now, many scientists have investigated the issues of using the renewable energy resources in the construction industry including solar ones, for replacement of conventional fuels applied in the thermal treatment of concrete products and structures. However, pursuant to the analysis of the scientific literature, all known research studies and developments in this area are devoted to heliothermal treatment of conventional concrete, and at the same time the traditional methods for acceleration of hardening requiring significant energy consumption are still in use in production of such an effective building material as foam concrete. There are various methods of heliothermal treatment including combined ones, but they are not applicable in their production due to the specific characteristics (unlike conventional concrete) of manufacturing technology, the used components, the particular rheological properties, as well as a porous structure of foam concrete. Both the examining the use of solar energy in acceleration of foam concrete hardening according to the literature data and the pre-studies have revealed a problem under unilateral heliothermal treatment of foam concrete. It is found out that the temperature field of across thickness of the massif, especially during the first 7-8 hours, is irregular, that significantly affects the process of heating moisture transfer occurring within the massif. According to the previously obtained data, there is the highest uniformity of moisture distribution efficiency and thereby a maximum strength uniformity of products under bilateral supply of heat to the hardening concrete. On this basis, it is advisable to use both solar and additional electric energy having impact of periodic and short duration on the hardening concrete for the intensification of the foam products hardening in landfills in order to ensure a uniform heating of products and reducing temperature gradients. Calculations showed that the duration of landfill operation on production of foam concrete products for the areas of Central Asia located in 46° N is 8 months per year, i.e. from March to October. In order to achieve the greatest effect in the process of applying the developed method for complex heliothermal treatment of foam concrete products, there is a need in a steady warm and clear weather when the ambient temperature at noon reaches the values higher than +20 °C. It is found out that high strength characteristics can be achieved under optimum combination of exotherm of cement in foam concrete with soft modes of warming-up and cooling down of products.

The analysis of a large set of samples by means of several different methods - petrography, optical microscopy, IR- and Raman spectroscopy, porosimetry, DSC - is very common in practice of material science. After carrying out all the experiments, the groups of researchers obtain a wealth of raw data. The required final result, though, in most cases is to answer several - or even one - question concerning the state of the construction. Obviously, the transition from empirical information to the final decision can be done by means of non formal operations, for example expert appraisal. However, even for most intelligent experts it is quite difficult to perform such an evaluation. In order to condense the raw experimental data we propose simple and formal procedure. The offered method consists of several steps. The first step is to arrange data in such a way, that the rectangular matrix (of size M by N, where M and N are the number of samples and methods, respectively) is formed. This matrix can be called matrix of defectiveness. Then, for all pairs of columns of the mentioned matrix, we compute the Pearson's product-moment (correlation) coefficient; the result is the symmetric N by N matrix of accordance of methods. By means of summation over the rows of the later matrix we obtain information concerning the mutual correspondence of the methods - vector of significance (third step). And finally, at the fourth step, we compute the M scalar products of vector of significance and row of the matrix of defectiveness. The M obtained values are subject to further application by the descriptive statistics, and on the basis of this statistics the final decision can be made. The offered method was successfully applied in the practical task of identification of alcali-silica reaction.

This study addresses the development of ultra-lightweight concrete. A moderate strength and an excellent thermal conductivity of the lightweight concrete are set as the design targets. The designed lightweight aggregates concrete is targeted to be used in monolithic concrete façade structure, performing as both load bearing element and thermal insulator. The developed lightweight concrete shows excellent thermal properties, with a low thermal conductivity of about 0.12 W/(m·K); and moderate mechanical properties, with 28-day compressive strengths of about 10-12 N/mm
². This combination of values exceeds, to the researchers’ knowledge, the performance of all other lightweight building materials. Furthermore, the developed lightweight concrete possesses excellent durability properties.

Modern humanity development is impossible without scientific and technological progress, energy, industry, transport. Despite the fact that industrialization and the constant increase of production capacity have helped people to expand their limits significantly, we should not forget that today our dependence on the established infrastructure is steadily increasing. It is most vivid in case of natural hazards or disasters, which lead to disruption of normal living conditions. Any of these negative phenomena is called "emergency situation". However, the occurrence of emergency situations in life support systems leads to the following negative consequences: disorganization of life support systems functioning on the object, local, regional, national levels; exclusion or complete destruction life support systems; partial or complete reduction of the opportunities for ensuring the needs of the population; danger to life and health of the population. Despite the considerable number of scientific publications, many theoretical and methodological aspects of creating mechanisms and resistance patterns of objects and systems require further investigation that is due to: the possibility of emergency situations doesn’t decrease; acceleration of scientific and technical progress; existing threat of war together with the continuous improvement of weapons; threat of terrorist acts, etc. The authors present a research of the opportunity to construct a sustainability model of life support systems under different emergency situations in respect of modern current trends in the development of information-analytical systems and principles of systems engineering approach. The development of a general stability model, in that case, must consider common sequence of actions, ranging from signs of disaster to the recommendations for eliminating its consequences for life support systems, and the issues of effective interaction between individual subsystems involved in this process at all stages.

The article is devoted to the topical direction - study of electromagnetic fields and infrasound built-up areas. These negative factors are not perceived by basic human receptors, and often people underestimate the danger posed by the sources of electromagnetic fields and infrasound. Currently, environmental monitoring system of infrasound and low-frequency electromagnetic fields in built up areas includes a study of the amplitude spectrum. The negative impact of these factors is evaluated separately without taking into account their mutual influence on the biological object. However, in the literature there is the data showing the effect of noise on the electrical characteristics of the human body. In this regard, the authors consider appropriate definition of the integral energy of low-frequency effects on built-up areas that will objectively evaluate the overall level of various kinds of fields at the point in space at a given time and their negative impact on biological objects. The authors propose a new approach to ecological monitoring of infrasound and low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the basis of determining the energy parameters. The paper theoretically proved it possible to determine the total energy impact of infrasound and low-frequency electromagnetic fields, taking into account the mutual influence of these factors on biological object. The article presents an algorithm of the synergistic index of the low-frequency energy of negative impact on the basis of measurements of integrated intensities of infrasound and low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Definition of the synergistic energy of low-frequency effects allows objectively assessing the negative effects of electromagnetic fields and infrasound on biological objects, as well as fundamentally new challenges to improve environmental safety of built-up areas and the protection of the population from the effects of these factors.

The increase of population and continuous development of highly urbanized territories poses new challenges to experts in the field of energy saving technologies. Only a multifunctional and autonomous system of building engineering equipment formed by the principles of energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness meets the needs of modern urban environment. Alternative energy sources, exploiting the principle of converting thermal energy into electrical power, show lack of efficiency, so it appears to be necessary for reaching a visible progress to skip this middle step. A fuel cell, converting chemical energy straight into electricity, and offering a vast diversity of both fuel types and oxidizing agents, gives a strong base for designing a complex integrated system. Regarding the results of analysis and comparison conducted among the most types of fuel cells proposed by contemporary scholars, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is approved to be able to ensure the smooth operation of such a system. While the advantages of this device meet the requirements of engineering equipment for modern civil and, especially, dwelling architecture, its drawbacks do not contradict with the operating regime of the proposed system. The article introduces a model of a multifunctional system based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and not only covering the energy demand of a particular building, but also providing the opportunity for proper and economical operation of several additional sub-systems. Air heating and water cooling equipment, ventilating and conditioning devices, the circle of water supply and preparation of water discharge for external use (e.g. agricultural needs) included into a closed circuit of the integrated system allow evaluating it as a promising model of further implementation of energy saving technologies into architectural and building practice. This, consequently, will positively affect both ecological and economic development of urban environment.

The author presents the results of microbiological studies aimed at investigating the deep removal of phosphates from household wastewater. A method for deep cleaning of waste water using reinforced materials is provided. The living culture study in activated sludge and biofilm in the light microscope showed activating effect of the reinforced loading material on the life of microflora in activated sludge and biofilm. A steel wire in the the feed material has a significant impact on the number and variety of species of protozoa in the activated sludge, and also leads to rapid development of Chlorella sp. The study of the living culture of activated sludge and biofilm in the light microscope showed that the reinforced material activates the vital functions of the activated sludge microflora and biofilms, as well as the diversity of their species composition. The studies have confirmed that chlorella multiplies in an environment rich with iron, absorbs phosphorus from the environment and actively produces oxygen, providing bacterial biomass with it. This fact explains the increase in the removal of organic contaminants, as well as the influence of the reinforced material on the second step of nitrification.

Solar radiation is the main source of thermal energy for almost all the processes developing in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The total duration of sunshine in Tajikistan ranges from 2100 to 3170 hours per year. Solar collectors can be mounted on the roof of a house after its renovation and modernization. One square meter of surface area in Central Asia accounts for up to 1600 kW/h of solar energy gain, whilst the average gain is 1200 kW/h. Active solar thermal systems are able to collect both low- and high-temperature heat. Active systems require the use of special engineering equipment for the collection, storage, conversion and distribution of heat, while a low-grade system is based on the principle of using a flat solar collector. The collector is connected to the storage tank for storing the heated water, gas, etc. The water temperature is in the range 50-60 °C. For summer air conditioning in hot climates, absorption-based solar installations with open evaporating solution are recommended. The UltraSolar PRO system offers an opportunity to make a home independent of traditional electricity. Combining Schneider Electric power generation and innovative energy storage technology results in an independent power supply. Traditional power supply systems can be short-lived since they store energy in lead-acid batteries which have a negligible lifetime. Lead-acid batteries operate in a constant charge-discharge mode, require specific conditions for best performance and can fail suddenly. Sudden failure of lead acid batteries, especially in winter in the northern part of Tajikistan, completely disables the heating system of a building. Instead, it is recommended to use industrial lithium-ion batteries, which have a significantly longer life and reliability compared to lead-acid type. UltraSolar PRO are ideal and provide a complete package, low noise and compact lithium-ion power supply.

The article is devoted to the analytical study of the structure of steady non-uniform creeping flow in a cylindrical channel. There are many papers on the hydrodynamics of such flows, mainly related to the production of polymers. Previously we showed that the structure of steady non-uniform creeping flow in a cylindrical tube is determined by the Laplace equation relative to the azimuthal vorticity. The solution of Laplace's equation regarding the azimuthal vorticity is dedicated to the first half of the article. Fourier expansion allows us to write the azimuthal vortex in the form of two functions, the first of which depends only on the radial coordinate, and the second depends only on the axial coordinate. Fourier expansion can come to the Sturm - Liouville problem with a system of two differential equations, one of which is homogeneous Bessel equation. The radial-axial distribution of the azimuthal vorticity in the creeping flow is obtained on the basis of a rapidly convergent series of Fourier - Bessel. In the next article the radial-axial distribution of the stream function will be discussed. The solution is constructed from the Poisson equation based on the solution for the azimuthal vortex distribution. Fourier expansion can come to the Sturm - Liouville problem with a system of two differential equations, one of which is inhomogeneous Bessel equation. The inhomogeneous Bessel equation is solved through the Wronskian. The distribution of the stream function is obtained in the form of rapidly converging series of Fourier - Bessel.

Today the quality of a construction object represents a sum of a number of indicators, which depends on the construction complex as a whole during the implementation steps of a construction project. The lack of an instrument for evaluating the influence on the final quality indicator is vivid. In the article the method of expert estimation is presented as an instrument for choosing the factors influencing the potential indicator of a construction site. The means to analyze the results is chosen. The authors calculated the matrix of the factors intercorrelation, which influence the final figure. These factors are grouped with the purpose to reduce the general number of experiments. The weight characteristics of the formed groups are calculated. The authors also analyzed the information loss extend as a result of factors quantity change in a model.

Integration is one of the results of the world industrial and economic processes globalization. Integration of production and commercial units and formation of modern structures of corporate level are one of current trends of development of the organization and management, both science, and practice. Formation and development of integrated structures became an important modern phenomenon in the organization of corporate level. Integration processes in organizations to large extend influence the relation of competitive strengths on the market and as a result the competitive ability of its objects. It is accepted to distinguish vertically and horizontally integrated structures. The use of the integrated structures allows providing steady development of investment and construction activity within state-private partnership, and thanks to its flexible structure it is capable to react to changes of external and internal factors quickly and adequately. Moreover, it is necessary to point out the possibility of using the cluster model in the process of describing functioning of integrated structures.

The article focuses on the problems that arise in the process of urban development of areas planning, their solutions (improvement and transformation of settlement system, in which case we should base on the new geopolitical situation in the country, the development and modernization of transport and communication infrastructure, where it is necessary to consider both the internal needs of the state and external ones) in order to think about possible ways of problem solutions in major cities, as well as the main directions of urban development reforms. The main objectives of the urban development policy are the development of social and economic level of small towns, activities for the conservation of historical, cultural and natural heritage of Russia, the use of modern theories of urban planning, the development of research in this area (both abstract and applied), conducting statistical base of urban development activities). The authors describe the schemes of entry into long-term ownership of land under the current system of urban regulation and the system based on zoning, which acts in real estate market conditions. Among other things, the article offers an idea of the method of socio-controlled planning, which supposes the development plans of the city's buildings and areas, different urban systems (based on the analysis of the existing problems and the needs that must be met).

In the article the information on the upcoming international conference on concrete and reinforced concrete is offered. The aim of the conference is stated, as well as the main points of the program, composition of the conference, the papers’ subject is disclosed. The author highlights the effect of reinforced concrete invention on the world civilization development. According to the author’s point of view, today reinforced concrete became one of the most evident means of the world development.