The paper considers civil engineering in retrospect. The paper presents the records of the two contracts that date back to 1837 and 1838. The contracts cover the two stages of construction of a famous church in Vozdvizhenskoe Village in the Moscow Province. These documents were stored in the Central Historic Archive, namely, in the collection of the town hall of Sergievskij Possad. These records of the two agreements in the collection of the brokers notes (or in other books of the same type) are of particular value, as the majority of authentic contracts have been lost. One of the contracts covers the organizational procedure and pre-construction works, while the other one covers the construction of the church. The first document gives the idea of environmental protection, employment of ecological technologies, and safe disposal and recycling of human biowaste in the course of dismantling of an old structure in Vozdvizhenskoe village. The second document that dates back to 1838 covers the sequence of construction works, starting from the foundation and ending with the arches, the types of building materials used, and peculiarities of stone masonry. The information recorded in the contract includes the names of the counterparties, day-to-day mode of life of seasonal workers, remuneration of labour and procedures that assure the quality of construction. This agreement makes it possible to outline the construction process that includes workers, bricklayers, the foreman, the contractor, the architect, and the customer. On the whole, both documents help us outline and assess some of the building practices of the 19th century. This issue is relevant nowadays, as our society has entered the phase of the market economy, while the experience accumulated by the past generations is of undeniable value.

Upon the completion of the analysis of thermal physic processes undergoing within the inter-building space and upon the identification of the mechanism of the convective motion undergoing in close proximity to the surfaces of buildings, substantial impact of solar radiation on thermal and wind conditions within inter-building spaces is identified. The impact intensity is driven by the exposure of surfaces to the sun and the intensity of heat transformation processes. Intensive influence of solar radiation produced on surfaces of buildings promotes convective streams that shape up the thermal and wind conditions within inter-building spaces.

In regions of intensive precipitation, slopes tend to become viscid due to accumulated moisture. The ultimate resistance of soils susceptible to landslides is equal to zero, while shear stresses between layers are proportional to the velocity gradient.
To prevent landslides, slope soil is stabilized by a continuous retaining wall or a row of sparsely erected piles. The effectiveness of these methods is measured by the diminishing rate of the sliding speed at the landslide-prone slope. Due to the non-linear nature of the viscid flow, the Navier - Stokes equations cannot be applied.
To perform a more precise calculation, the entire flow is broken down into segments in respect of which the analysis of the viscid flow can be performed; individual results are consolidated on the basis of a common parameter.
The first flow section, located at a substantial distance from the buttresses, can be considered as a steady stream of plane gravitational motion alongside the slope. In the second section, the slide is obstructed by the buttress and the parallel flow pattern is formed. There occurs a split of the flow at the critical point of entry, located on the front surface of a solid wall or a buttress.
The third section, which can be compared with the flow of viscid fluid in a canal, is typical for buttresses that have a significant length in the direction of the landslide flow.
The papers hows that the common parameter applicable both to solid and dispersed barriers is the controlled volume of the fluid flow at the point of entry to the pre-boundary area.
As a result of application of the proposed methodology, equations were obtained that made it possible to calculate the speed of the viscid slide depending on different types of piles. The paper describes the conditions that make the viscid mass climb over the constructed barrier.

Upon examination of eleven main buildings of power plants, analysis of defects and damages of building structures was performed. Thereafter, the damageability of principal bearing structures of main buildings of thermal plants was analyzed. It was identified that the fastest growing defects and damages were concentrated in the structures of operating sites. The research of the rate of development of the most frequent damages and defects made it possible to conclude that internal corrosion of the reinforcing steel was the most dangerous defect, as far as the reinforced concrete elements of operating sites were concerned. Methods of mathematical statistics were applied to identify the reinforcing steel development pattern inside reinforced concrete elements of floors of operating sites. It was identified that the probability of corrosion of reinforced concrete elements of operating sites was distributed in accordance with the demonstrative law. Based on these data, calculation of strength of reinforced concrete slabs and metal beams was performed in terms of their regular sections, given the natural loads and the realistic condition of structures. As a result, dependence between the bearing capacity reserve ratio and the corrosion development pattern was identified for reinforced concrete slabs and metal beams of operating sites. In order to analyze the sufficiency of the bearing capacity of building structures of operating sites in relation to their time in commission, equations were derived to identify the nature of dependence between the sufficiency of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete slabs and metal beams of the operating sites and their time in commission.

The intermixing of hot turbulent gases in an axisymmetric channel with lateral surfaces of arbitrary shape and a pre-swirled flow is considered in the paper. This problem is relevant in connection with the development of new high-tech designs of natural fuel combustion facilities. Any designs are to comply with specific requirements. The temperature of the flue gas must not fall below a certain limit to prevent promotion of condensation that facilitates pipe corrosion. The gas outlet velocity must exceed 4 m/s to prevent the downdraft. The concentration of pollutants released into the atmosphere must fall within permissible limits. The mathematical model is based on parabolized Navier-Stokes equations that restrict its applicability to continuous flows. However, in view of the mechanical nature of the problem considered, continuous flows are of particular interest. The method of equal flow-rate surfaces is used as a numerical solution. The system of equations is based on streamlines. The net of lines is not available beforehand; therefore, it is constructed alongside with the problem solution. The system of equations is completed by an algebraic turbulence model. The proposed method makes it possible to check for the optimal flow regimes inside high-rise stack structures to assure that pollutant-containing smokes and gases, emitted into the atmosphere, produce minimal damage onto the environment.

The article covers the problem of applicability of finite-element and engineering methods to the development of a model of interaction between pipeline structures and the environment in the complex conditions with a view to the simulation and projection of exogenous geological processes, trustworthy assessment of their impacts on the pipeline, and the testing of varied calculation methodologies. Pipelining in the areas that have a severe continental climate and permafrost soils is accompanied by cryogenic and exogenous processes and developments. It may also involve the development of karst and/or thermokarst. The adverse effect of the natural environment is intensified by the anthropogenic impact produced onto the natural state of the area, causing destruction of forests and other vegetation, changing the ratio of soils in the course of the site planning, changing the conditions that impact the surface and underground waters, and causing the thawing of the bedding in the course of the energy carrier pumping, etc.
The aforementioned consequences are not covered by effective regulatory documents. The latter constitute general and incomplete recommendations in this respect. The appropriate mathematical description of physical processes in complex heterogeneous environments is a separate task to be addressed. The failure to consider the above consequences has repeatedly caused both minor damages (denudation of the pipeline, insulation stripping) and substantial accidents; the rectification of their consequences was utterly expensive. Pipelining produces a thermal impact on the environment; it may alter the mechanical properties of soils and de-frost the clay.
The stress of the pipeline is one of the principal factors that determines its strength and safety. The pipeline stress exposure caused by loads and impacts (self-weight, internal pressure, etc.) may be calculated in advance, and the accuracy of these calculations is sufficient for practical implementation. Stress and strain caused by other factors (groundwater supports, anchors, fixing elements) may only be identified on location. The impact of other factors (temperature, permafrost thawing, karst phenomena and landslides, etc.) may be identified as approximate values.

New approach to selection of the principal measurement units system, different from the one used in the conventional dimensional theory, is proposed in the article. The new approach expands the capacities of dimensional analysis in the resolution of problems of deformable solid mechanics.

Power efficiency of residential houses requires the application of varied thermal insulation systems, including curtain walls. Peculiarities of their design that can produce a substantial impact on their durability and operational reliability are discussed in the article.
A standard curtain wall system represents a structure composed of one layer of thermal insulation made of mineral cotton attached to the bearing wall by dish-shaped dowels, a bearing frame (a subsystem) attached to the wall by anchors, and outer lining materials (panels, boards or sheets) that are mounted in such a manner so that the spacing between the outer lining and the layer of thermal insulation is 0.4 to 0.8 m.
Evidently, strength analysis of structural and fixture elements (anchors) must be completed in the course of the building design (new project) or as a supplementary pre-repair stage in the event of extensive repairs, to assure reliable and safe operation of curtain wall systems. Any analysis is to be based on the most complete information about the materials and elements of the curtain wall system, its structural peculiarities, and the whole variety of loads and impacts that the building may be exposed to, including dynamic loads associated with its height. The quality of the analysis depends upon proper identification of the forces that the structure of the wall system is exposed to, and proper selection of design models of elements (namely, with the account for the kinematic analysis) of the structure of the curtain wall system being designed.
Evidently, many factors of strength of structural details, elements and joints must be substantiated by tests that may be specified as procedures of identification of structural reliability of a curtain wall system. Besides, the analysis-related section of the design project must be based on a set of tests (of separate elements and joints) performed in the environment close to the natural conditions of the curtain wall maintenance (field tests).
The results of laboratory tests (given the adjustments for permissible tolerances) may be regarded as the principal criteria in the assessment of applicability of a curtain wall system in the course of a major building repair project or a new construction to assure the required reliability and durability.

The subject matter of the article represents the concept of a vector of nodal forces produced by loads pre-set by the arbitrary sculpted surface. The concept in question may be integrated into engineering CAD systems in the capacity of a preprocessor.
Pursuant to the proposed methodology, the initial surface load represents a geometric object pre-set as a selection of standard graphic primitives. This technology is easy to use if the pre-processing constituent of the strength analysis system operates within CAD media. Multi-factor strength-related problems were resolved by Department of Computer-Aided Design of Moscow State University of Roads. Researchers have developed and tested KATRAN open architecture strength analysis software programme that may be integrated into AutoCAD processor.
A user may select the surface accommodating any simulated arbitrary load; further, a point of the pre-set load intensity specified in the Distributed Load Q field of interface window Distributed Loads, and the point of zero intensity load are to be specified. The above source data are used to calculate the scale coefficient of transition from linear distances to the real value of the load intensity generated within the coordinate surface. The point of zero load intensity represents a virtual plane of zero distributed load values.
The proposed software designated for the conversion of arbitrary distributed loads into the nodal load is compact; therefore, it may be integrated into modules capable of exporting the nodal load into other systems of strength analysis, though functioning as a problem-oriented geometrical utility of AutoCAD.

In most cases, the structural analysis of temporary moving loads produced by vehicles and pedestrians involves the application of influence lines to identify the extreme forces impacting the elements of bridge structures. The application of influence lines coupled with transverse positioning ratios cannot adequately simulate the 3D behavior of structures.
The method described in this article was applied in the course of development of a draft version of National Annex to Eurocode EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges to compare the load effects (bending moments and shear loads in cross sections) of temporary moving loads (SP 35.13330.2011 «Bridges and culverts» A14), and the National Annex to Eurocode 1 Part 2 (LM1).
The article represents an outline of the proposed methodology and a software programme developed in its furtherance. The software programme is capable of simulating the effect of moving loads impacting the structural elements of bridges. The software programme can also identify the most unfavourable positions of temporary moving loads on the deck of the span structure.
The introductory section of the article has an outline of LM1 load and the rules of the span structure loading. It is noteworthy that the proposed loading model and rules of loading differ from those applicable in domestic practice.
The section covering the formal representation of the surface of influence and the identification of the surface of influence contains our suggestions in terms of the user-friendly representation of surfaces of influence designated to facilitate their analysis and processing. This section also provides information about the identification of surfaces of influence through the application of the method of finite elements.
The section that covers methods of loading of the surface of influence by load LM1 has a brief overview of the computational algorithms designated for the computational representation of the loading of the surfaces of influence by load LM1. This section also has several figures to illustrate the above processes.
The implementation of the algorithms in question is provided as a sample analysis of the span structure impacted by load LM1. A regular simple reinforced concrete span serves as an example. Initial surfaces of influence, as well as their interim behavior under the impact of the load are described in the section.
The proposed methodology represents an unambiguous solution to the problem of identification of unfavourable positions of the temporary moving load LM1 (EN 1991-2) and the extreme forces or relocations involved in this respect.

The paper provides a definition of and a solution to the problems of interaction between long piles and the soil body as part of the slab-pile foundation with the due account for the interval between the piles, the length of piles and their correlations, as well as the nonlinear properties of soil identified by analytical and numerical methods through the application of Plaxis-2d software.
It is proven that the above properties produce a substantial impact onto the stress-strain state of soils that interact with the pile and the grid, and the impact values make it possible to assess the rigidity of the slab-pile foundation that is needed to solve the problems of the multiplicity of piles as well as the problems of distribution of the total load between the piles and the grid.

This paper demonstrates how temperature measurements of the water filtered by earthfill dams can be used to determine the soil filtration ratio and to monitor the condition of earthfill dams.
The ground water temperature change is caused by the processes of heat conductivity and convection. The analysis of heat transfer within earthfill dams demonstrates that the speed of thermal waves varies between (4-6) 10-7 m/s. Therefore, whenever the water filtration ratio is under 4 ∙10-7 m/s, propagation of thermal waves is driven by the heat conductivity. If the soil filtration ratio is below 2∙10-5 m/s, thermal waves are caused by forced convection (the filtration flow).
Temperature measurements of the water filtered by earthfill dams composed of non-cohesive soils make it possible to calculate averaged soil filtration ratios with an error under 20-40 %. This result is more precise than the one generated through the application of other natural methods (pumping out, use of indicators, etc.).
Temperature measurements of the water filtered by earthfill dams composed of cohesive soils make it possible to control their density and water penetration capacity, and to identify their thermal conductivity.
This paper demonstrates that the relocation of a thermal wave within non-cohesive soils prevents the filtration flow from remaining in a steady-state condition. As a result, complex secondary water flows are generated within the filtration flow by means of natural convection (the temperature gradient). Secondary water flows in question represent the principal cause of well-known abnormalities of depression curves of earthfill dams.

Design method of the foam-ceramic concrete with the pre-set value of thermal conductivity is proposed. Computed dependencies between the thermal conductivity, strength and generalized structural criterion - porosity - are presented. As a result of the research, it was identified that local input materials are ecological and easy to extract, and that they may be used as the mineral basis for the manufacturing of effective foam-glass ceramic materials that demonstrate their porous structure, similar to the one of the foam-ceramic concrete. The employment of the proposed approach to the design of the composition of foam-glass ceramic materials may substantially improve the most important properties of this material, namely, it may reduce the sorption capacity and improve the strength, if compared with the benchmark composition.

This paper covers the integrity of decorative sandwich materials; relations between relative deformations of the sandwich system and the length of contact between layers; thicknesses of the surface layer and relative deformations of the concrete base. Principles of the proposed technology are also provided in the article.
The field study of the behaviour of decorative sandwich concrete products exposed to severe conditions of operation have proven that products collapse due to cracking and peeling of the polymer concrete layer in particular cases.
Deformations of sandwich materials caused by temperature and humidity fluctuations were analyzed by strain-gauge resistance sensors placed onto the surface polymer concrete layer of a product fragment and on the concrete base in the course of their freezing. Deformations were measured at the temperature intervals of 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. Freezing represents the most severe condition.
Mathematical method of experimental planning was employed to identify the dependence between relative deformations of sandwich system Исс and length of layer-to-layer contact L, thickness of surface layer h and relative deformations of the concrete base ɛ 105.
As a result of the probabilistic and statistical processing of the experimental data a three-factor quadratic model of relative deformations of a sandwich system was generated.
This equation is used to identify the most favourable conditions to assure the integrity of a sandwich product under the combined impact of the aforementioned factors. The analysis has proven that the surface layer made of polymer concrete does not crack irrespective of the contact length if deformations of the concrete base do not exceed the limit tensibility of the surface layer. In the event of substantial deformations of the concrete base, integrity of the sandwich system is to be assured by means of the right choice of thickness and length of the surface layer.
Based on the dependence of relative deformations of the sandwich composite, made of a concrete matrix and a polymer concrete decorative and protective layer, analysis of their integrity was performed with the account for the thickness of the surface layer, contact length and relative deformations of the water saturated concrete base in the course of freezing.
Pre-set theoretical provisions were applied to develop recommendations aimed at the optimization of the composition and characteristics of the technology of production of double-layer decorative and protective products based on polymer and mineral binders.

The authors argue that a dry mixture composed of caustic magnesite and a microsilica additive represents a binding material which contributes to formation of a durable and water resistant artificial stone. The results of the research of the artificial stone performed through the application of the Fourier IR spectroscopy method are provided. Interaction between magnesium oxide (MgO) as the basic oxide and microsilica as an acidic oxide is proposed. This interaction makes it possible to add water to Sorel cement instead of the magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution.
Compressive strength of the dry mix containing 10 % of microsilica has been measured. In the event of hydraulic hardening, the compressive strength of the dry mix is 11.5 MPa, while the compressive strength of the water-saturated mix is equal to 12.0 MPa. In the aftermath of the air-setting procedure, the compressive strength of the dry mix is 10.0 MPa, while the compressive strength of the water-saturated mix is 21.0 MPa. The IR spectra of the specimen exhibit vibrations at 1100-400 cm-1 that correspond to the area of Si-O and Si-O-Me stretching vibrations, a peak at 1121-1119 cm-1 that can be assigned to Si-O-Si bond vibrations, and a peak at 474-472 characteristic of Si-O-Mg stretching vibrations. The areas of 3700-3000 cm-1 and 1650-1600 cm-1 are assigned to stretching and deformational vibrations of OH groups, respectively.

Environmental compatibility of construction materials and their impact onto the human organism and the environment are the essential factors to be taken account of in the course of construction. Therefore, natural renewable biological polymers arouse interest. Polysaccharide chitin takes a special position among them. It represents one of the most widely spread biological polymers; it is extracted from 100% renewable materials. It is part of the external skeleton of crustaceans and insects, and it also part of cell walls of mushrooms and algae. Any research of potential materials to be generated from chitin and its derivative chitosan may involve a practical implementation. The research of the antistatic properties followed the introduction of 1% of chitosan into the cement composition. Electrostatic field intensity was measured by Electrostatic Field Intensity Meter ST-01. The electrostatic property of the sample modified by chitosan turned out to be lower than the one of the benchmark sample by 5.6 times. The presence of chitosan in the cement composition makes no impact on strength-related properties of the construction material. The cement composition modified by chitosan may be used in the manufacturing of antistatic self-leveling floors.

Heat flux formation patterns and the impact of structural characteristics and the media onto the thermal conductivity of highly porous materials of cellular structure and fiber texture are considered in the article. Peculiarities of heat transmission through the mineral matrix, the porous structure of cells filled by the gas mixture, and heat transmission channels in the media formed by meshed fibers are considered in the article.
It is proven that the characteristics of the heat flux travelling through the mineral matrix are determined by its properties (heat conductivity, air and vapour permeability) that depend on the nature of the matrix substance (various dielectrics) and macro characteristics of the system (external and internal temperatures, humidity, and pressure). Conductive heat transmission predominates, and heat conductivity of the mineral matrix is considered as a function of temperature and humidity. Heat transmission through the porous structure depends of the type and the filtration properties of the mineral matrix, as well as the gas properties, including heat conductivity, temperature, density and pressure.
Heat fluxes inside aerated concrete are determined by the heat transfer driven by the filtration of the mixture of vapour and air and its convection inside cells. Products made of mineral cotton demonstrate accessible porosity; therefore, heat fluxes are determined by the properties of gas, or the air-vapour mixture under constant pressure. A convective heat flux is primarily dependent on the air permeability of the media and the characteristics (pressures and concentrations) of internal and external surfaces of the material under research.

The paper represents an overview of masonry mortars designated for walls made of small-size masonry units. The authors argue that regular mortars cannot demonstrate uniform heat transfer performance. Regular mortar walling has cold bridges. Cement-sand mortars have high cement and water consumption rates that boost mortar shrinkage and creep.
The paper also demonstrates that no surface effects or contact interaction between the cement grout and the surface of the sand and other aggregates are taken into consideration in connection with the above statement. Aggregates added to the mortar have a highly developed surface; they also feature a substantial supply of free energy. The authors believe that the extrusion method can make it possible to employ the free energy to improve the strength and other properties of the material in the course of formation of its structure.
This process may also improve the moistening and the adhesive strength of particles; it draws the cement particles as close to one another as it may be possible, it cleans their surface and extracts any excessive water out of the mix.
The paper also presents the results of the research of the microstructure of spilt Portland cement and hollow glass spheres, their mineral and chemical analyses, as well as the properties of masonry mortars. The paper presents a conclusion that their high process-dependent parameters and superior operating performance are attainable through the introduction of effective hollow glass spheres into masonry mortars and the application of the extrusion method. The aforementioned novelties may reduce the water consumption rate, improve the strength, freeze resistance and durability of cement mortars.
The preparation of this paper involved the study of nine reference books. This paper is the first one of a series of papers covering the method of extrusion of lightweight cement mortars.

The article covers the formation of the pore structure of cement systems that harden at low and negative temperatures. Temperature fluctuations that accompany the hydration of cement systems can produce a substantial impact onto the chemical activity of the water in the course of hydration. These factors can produce an adverse impact on the formation of the structure of the cement stone and impair its performance characteristics. The formation of the structure of cement systems is dependent on the impact of specialized additives, including antifreeze agents that facilitate hydration at low and negative temperatures. The research of their action and the nature of their influence on the formation of the microstructure of the cement stone facilitate the purposeful adjustment of their properties. Therefore, modification of cement systems by specialized antifreeze components is a relevant objective of scientific and practical research.
Research of a classical cement system (a benchmark composition) and a cement system modified by a specialized antifreeze polymer-based additive (a modified composition) was performed to identify the impact of antifreeze additives onto the process of formation of its pore space.
Upon completion of the research project described in the article, the authors have concluded that antifreeze additives facilitate hydration of cement at low and negative temperatures and cause regular formation of the pore structure of the cement stone.

The paper demonstrates the application of industrial by-products and recycled materials. Waterproofing admixtures improve the structure and the properties of the cement stone. Development and preparation of highly effective waterproofing modifiers of durable effect, as well as development of the process procedure parameters, including mixing, activation, heat treatment, etc. are to be implemented. The composition of waterproofing modifiers is to be fine-tuned to synergize the behaviour of various ingredients of cement systems to assure the substantial improvement of their strength, freeze- and corrosion resistance. Multi-functional waterproofing admixtures were used to produce highly effective modified concretes. The key idea of the new method of modifying cement-based building materials is that the waterproofing admixture concentration is to exceed 10% of the weight of the binding agent within the per-unit weight of the cement stone, given that its strength does not deteriorate.
GKM-type modifier coupled with organo-mineral waterproofing admixture concentration agent GT-M may be recommended for mass use in the manufacturing of hydraulic concrete and reinforced concrete products. Overview of their practical implementation has proven that waterproofing modifier GKM-S, if coupled with waterproofing admixture concentration agent GT-M, improves the corrosion control inside the cement stone and makes it possible to manufacture durable concrete and reinforced concrete products that demonstrate pre-set physical and processing behaviour.
Comprehensive concrete modification by modifier GKM-S and waterproofing admixture concentration agent GT-M may be regarded as one of the most ambitious methods of production of highly effective waterproof concretes.

As a rule, motor roads are composed of the subgrade and the road dressing. Road dressing is composed of the road pavement, road base and the bottoming. Road dressing may be non-rigid (or made of coarse asphalt concrete, fine asphalt concrete, tar concrete, rubble or gravel treated by binding agents, etc.) and rigid (asphalt concrete road pavements resting on the road base made of cement concrete, or prefabricated pavements made of reinforced concrete and ferrocement slabs, monolithic cement concrete pavements).
Cement concrete roads are five to six times more durable than asphalt concrete roads; their service life may exceed 50 years. They are resistant to environmental attacks; they ensure excellent grip of the wheel, and they are dust-free. Their road pavement is resistant to wear (0.1 mm per year); its thickness does not exceed 16-22 mm.
Therefore, effective concrete road pavements require self-compacting though non-segregating concrete mixtures to comply with the pre-set values of their properties, namely, bending and compressive strength, corrosion resistance, freeze resistance, etc.
Acting in cooperation with Department of Technology of Binders and Concretes of MSUCE, NIIMosstroy developed and examined a self-compacting cast concrete mixture designated for durable monolithic road pavements. The composition in question was generated by adding a multi-component modifier into the mix. The modifier was composed of a hyperplasticiser, active (structureless) fine and crystalline silica, and a concrete hardening control agent.

The article presents the findings of the research performed within the framework of Analytical Agency-Level Target-Oriented Programme entitled Development of the Research Potential of Higher School in 2009-2011, Action 2. Project 2.1.2/9589 is entitled Development of Scientific Foundations and Technologies of Protection of Urban Territories from Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters and Negative Impacts. Nizhny Novgorod was selected as the object of research. Manifested dangerous geological processes underway in the city are analyzed in the long-term run. The article demonstrates that the worst hazard comes from the landslides that can destroy the life sustenance system of the city, including its water supply, central heating and other systems. Assessment of efficiency of existing landslide prevention measures is also provided. Dependence of landslide phenomena on the cycles of the solar activity is proven. The landslide development pattern for the coming years is simulated through the employment of the fractal analysis method.

The authors justify the application of the absorbing properties of fixed layer bag asphalt — gravel — sand instead of removable absorbers, which are used during transportation of the shipping packaging set TUK-13 in reactor compartment portal zone of nuclear plants and transport highway freighter bag in case of container fall from a height up to Н = 40,00 m.

It is suggested to place the fixed absorbing device in reactor compartment portal zone of nuclear plants in order to provide nuclear and radiation security at transportation of radioactive materials in emergency conditions due to fall of a container because of breakage of bearing elements, including ropes, hooks or crane spreader.

In the paper, the author proposes a mathematical model designated for the assessment of the ecological impact produced on the environment within the territory of the construction site. Integrated index EI (Environmental Index) is introduced as a vehicle designated for the evaluation of the ecological load. EI represents the intensity of the ecological load, or a generalized and optimized parameter reflecting the intensity of the anthropogenic impact of the construction site onto the natural environment.
The theoretical background of the proposed approach consists in an integrated methodology implemented in the system engineering of construction projects. A building system may be represented as the aggregate of all stages of construction works and participants involved in them. The building system is object-oriented, and it is implemented under the impact of pre-determined environmental factors. The core constituent of the building system represents a Production Technology Module (PTM), or summarized groups of processes. The model formula designated for the assessment of the intensity of the ecological load produced by the construction project onto the environment may be represented as follows:

Water and milk-free products are the principal sources of fluorine; they account for the 80% of the total amount of fluorine consumed by adults, depending on the fluorine content in the potable water. The bigger the fluorine content in the water, the higher the number of fluorosis cases, while number of caries cases is reduced. Fluorine contributes to formation of the bone tissue, enamelogenesis and tooth dentine. Fluorine also has a strong cavity protection effect.
The optimal fluorine content varies between 1….1.5 mg/dm3. Its concentration range is determined by maximal day-time air temperatures, as the amount of potable water consumed during the day is dependent on temperature variations.
Desalination of sea water aimed at its conversion into potable water means removal of fluorine; therefore, any water desalinated by way of distillation and reverse osmos needs fluorination.
In the domestic practice, dosing of solutions of the fluorine-containing agent is applied. The recommendation is to use solutions of sodium fluoride with the fluorine content of 45.3 % and silicofluoric sodium or ammonium with the fluorine content of 64 %. In the USA, dry dosing of fluorine-containing agents is applied, as the fine-grained powder of agent А1FSО4·Н2О is added to the water subjected to treatment. The agent is neither corrosive, nor toxic.
Besides, fluorination prevents development of osteoporosis.
Approximately 355 million of people worldwide consume artificially fluorinated water. Other 50 million consume water that contains natural fluorine, the concentration of which is equal to 1 mg/dm3.

Human resources serve as the basis for development of the national economy, as a whole, and the construction industry, as its constituent part. The problem of inferior labor productivity within the framework of the national economy and its construction industry is considered in the paper. The author has identified the reasons why the productivity of the national economy and its construction industry is low. Low quality manpower is one of the reasons. Analysis of the statistical information has proven that the quality of the manpower in the construction industry is unsatisfactory. The author has also analyzed the relation between the construction industry development pattern and the quality of the manpower. Low manpower quality is a consequence of low personnel training and development expenditures assumed by local construction companies, if compared to the same assumed in the developed economies. Russian businesses do not invest any proceeds into their employees, as any employee may leave the company at any moment, and the employer will lose the investment. Therefore, the performance rate of the Russian construction industry cannot catch up with its western counterpart. The author also provides the analysis of the western personnel development concept. The author also makes his suggestions designated to reverse the unfavourable trend of the construction industry.

Materials consumption rate is used by many authors as the criterion for the assessment of the economic efficiency of gas distribution networks in the course of their design. No doubt that control over the materials consumption rate is of particular importance. However, we believe that it represents one of several constituents of the overall cost of a gas network piping project. Labour expenditures and earth works that are, to some extent, dependent on the diameter of a pipeline, should also be taken into account. Presently, metal and polyethylene pipes of standard diameters are used in gas network development projects. Diameters of pipes of external gas distribution networks are rounded up to the closest standard diameter of pipes as a result of a hydraulic calculation.
The cost of construction of a gas pipeline has multiple constituents that may be clustered into three principle groups:
1) earth works,
2) piping;
3) cost of materials.
Calculation of the cost of construction of low and medium pressure pipelines to be made of steel and cross-linked polyethylene was performed to find out the cost of a pipeline.
The calculations were made in the basic prices of the year 2000 adjusted to the figures of April 2011, given the standard piping conditions in a settlement within central Russia. The data were interpolated by means of a quadratic function.
On the basis of the above data, a comparative analysis of capital expenditures in respect of steel and polyethylene piping may be performed.
The research also contemplates the structure of expenses associated with the piping of gas distribution networks. Mathematical equations have been derived to perform sufficiently accurate calculations of costs of construction of various types and various lengths of gas pipelines.

In the article, the results of the research performed in the field of innovative development of enterprises are provided, and the main principles and the content of each stage of innovative development of construction enterprises in the new economic environment are developed on the basis of the research. Actions, proposed in the article, will ensure the implementation of the strategy of innovative development with a view to effective attainment of objectives of case management and successful adaptation of construction enterprises to altering factors of the media.

Methodical approaches and procedures of implementation of official provisions of Methodical Recommendations are considered in article. Upon completion of analysis of a number of factors, the authors suggest using the option of assessment of efficiency of application of a new construction material through the application of Methodical Recommendations for Assessment of Efficiency of Investment Projects. As for the assimilation of new materials by building companies engaged in construction operations, the recommendation is to assess the business project efficiency upon introduction of each new construction material, and capital investments are the main indicators of efficiency of construction materials, let alone net discounted profit and the payback period. Upon consideration of a number of conditions that underlie the mathematical and economic model that substantiates decision-making in terms of implementation of innovative projects, the project efficiency can be assessed on the basis of an integrated indicator - maximal return on capital investments. The proposed model also takes account of the payback period, although the efficiency of new construction materials does not take account of any positive social effect of their introduction.

Requirements applicable to urban construction and investment programmes are considered in the proposed paper. The authors identify the principal problems that prevent successful implementation of the programme-oriented approach and formulate the initial set of the top-priority objectives. They include the basic parameters of the development strategy, indicators of the economic strength of the Programme, overview of any available resources and efficiency of their use in the past, criteria of efficiency of the Program, its constituent blocks and separate actions, methodological recommendations and procedures, mechanisms of distribution and re-distribution of the budgetary funding, commercial risks and procedures that accompany the concentration of urban resources, forms and methods of public control, incentives designated to get co-developers involved into the Programme. The new outlook applicable to the attainment of the pre-set objectives corrects the economic essence of the Programmes. It consists in the system-based representation of the Programme actions as a collection of regulatory, management, and financial modules designated to substantiate and explain the target-oriented criteria. In pursuance of the above, the target essence of the economic simulation of the strategy of urban assets management as part of the Programme actions is identified. The authors believe that an integrated Programme may assure sustainable development of the urban area acting as a self-reproducing system capable of facilitating the satisfaction of ever-growing needs of urban residents and corporate entities, guests and partners of cities and towns, that represent an integral social and economic system in its development.
In the context accepted by the authors, attainment of the above objective will involve fulfillment of each of the aforementioned requirements. They are to assure the concentration of resources and comprehensive satisfaction of the needs of the urban population in terms of the most popular items of real estate within a particular time span.

The paper covers the identification of basic investment models applicable to construction
projects. They are needed to substantiate the transformation of the investment system, to identify
the numerical values of the investment process, and to solve the problems that prevent the efficiency
improvement of the investment system. As a result of the analysis, the authors have identified
sixteen models that differ in the mode of investment, investment targets, types of investees,
investors, investment sources, investment methods, investment schemes, repayment patterns,
strategic goals, countries of origin, restrictions imposed on investment resources, payback patterns,
investment period, economic system development, financing procedure, type of investment
period alterations.
The multiplicity and variety of investment models prevent us from performing a comprehensive
comparative analysis; therefore, investment models are to be consolidated into classes that
display higher-level systemic features. As a result of comprehensive comparison of existing investment
models those models that are typical for the construction industry have been identified. They
are (1) mid-term dynamic models, and (2) target-oriented models.
Consideration of the two classes of features prevents us from preparing an exhaustive overview
of the investment process. Therefore, as a result of research of the investment system structure
its backbone element was identified. It represents an investment method that is the basic
classifier. Thus, the basic classifier of an investment model is composed of three basic classificatory
features, including the time, the investee, and the investment method. As a result, a credit
investment model, a security investment model, a cooperative investment model, a project investment
model, an economic investment model, a centralized investment model, a share investment
model, and a combined investment model were identified.

The author considers the problem of the market entry and distribution of innovation deliverables
and other research results, which is the main goal of innovative activities of corporate entities.
The author suggests researching the processes of distribution of innovations in the course
of their life cycle that has eight stages. The two-vector model of diffusion of innovations in the
construction industry has been developed; the principal market players engaged in the process
of commercialization of items of intellectual property have been identified.

The article provides a number of provisions that, if taken as an aggregate, are considered
by the authors as the conceptual fundamentals of the practical solution to the problem of effective
transformation of the system of management of the building sector of Moscow. The building
sector is understood as the totality of organizations engaged in the performance of building and
installation operations, design development, construction materials manufacturing and real estate
maintenance.

The article represents a brief overview of the software programme designated for computer-aided calculation of values of the Chezy discharge coefficient. Recommendations are also provided to users of the proposed software. The proposed methodology is designated for the automated processing of the experimental data obtained in the course of the research of free water flows passing through the hydraulic test rig. The methodology is also designated for the identification of the mathematical relation describing the alteration of hydraulic exponents and for the construction of graphs to illustrate the relations describing the free flow inside pipelines, if made of different types of materials that display varied roughness values.
The proposed methodology represents a set of successive stages to be implemented.
Stage 1. Identification of pressure loss, if the pipeline length is equal to h, and the hydraulic friction coefficient is equal to λ.
Stage 2. Calculation of the average flow strength.
Stage 3. Calculation of hydraulic friction coefficient λ.
Stage 4. Calculation of average filling value h/dave in the beginning and in the end of the experimental section of the water flow; calculation of hydraulic radius Rave.
Stage 5. Calculation of С, Chezy discharge coefficient.
The following steps are to be performed to calculate coefficient of roughness n:
Selection of optimal relation С=f(R) from the multiplicity of proposed relations;
Solving the two equations in relation to n.
The proposed software employs the half-interval method to identify the value of n.
The software is also capable of generating graphs (curves) to describe the relations in question.
The proposed methodology and the software designated for the calculation of Chezy and roughness coefficients makes it possible for users to identify the hydraulic properties of pipelines made of advanced materials or having advanced coatings. The availability of the above information is to optimize the selection of the pipeline repair material on the basis of the assessment of hydraulic compatibility between the sections of the pipeline in operation and those being repaired.

The main problem of data transmission unification is assurance of content consistency for information objects. Data consistency is necessary for development of a subsystem in integrated information systems. The analysis completed by the authors demonstrates that there is no data exchange format in CAD systems covering the whole variety of data to be transmitted via the communication channel. Therefore, STEP protocol (Standard for) (provided by international standard ISO 1030) is proposed for data transmission unification. The protocol determines a neutral data format realized through the product information model. This model incorporates the elements and the configuration of the product, different geometrical models, administrative and special data.
All data are described in STEP using object-oriented language EXPRESS similar to the programming language. Access to EXPRESS data is provided by standard methods. EXPRESS language is designated for the conceptual description of the model. Global description is split into subject domains, or schemes. The information model represents interconnected schemes.
A scheme consists of a set of elements that may include entities, types, constants, rules, functions and procedures.

In this article, the procedure of identification of organizational and technological reliability is described. This methodology is applicable both to separate functional areas and to all industrial enterprises. Its objective is to assess the expediency of reorganization. The objective of this scientific research is the substantiation of reorganization of an industrial enterprise. Multivariable models, or convolutions, were used as research methods. According to the RF law, industrial enterprises are divided into four functional areas, each of which is assessed on the basis of multiple criteria. Assessment of organizational and technological reliability requires a multi-parameter model. Its axes correspond to the number of evaluation criteria. The set of criteria designated for the assessment of organizational and technological reliability is identified on the basis of the homogeneity of trend indicators designated for centripetal and centrifugal models. The axes of a multi-parameter model represent real and benchmark values. The unit serves as the benchmark value; it is the maximal value of this parameter. The formula based on average values shall be used to determine the total value of the above parameters. The authors have also generated a model of organizational and technological reliability of industrial enterprises. It is noteworthy that assessment of organizational and technological reliability of an industrial enterprise requires a concentric multi-layer model developed through the application of the convolution method.

The objective of this scientific research is to develop a theoretical model of organizational and technology-related processes of reorganization of industrial enterprises, as well as their interaction. Multipoint logic notions of growth and interaction phases are used as research methods. The author describes the basic stages of reorganization, the life cycle of industrial enterprises and the cycle of their transformation. The processes are presented as an infographical image that represents a concentric model of interaction. This concentric model represents interaction between two or more phases. The process is entitled infografical modeling on the polyfunctional level. The concentric model moves both clockwise and anti-clockwise. Basic organizational and technological processes of reorganization of industrial enterprises that include decision making in terms of expediency of reorganization, design, construction, and performance of industrial enterprises at full capacity, and further operation of the industrial enterprise are described in the paper. Attainment of this objective, namely, reorganization of an industrial enterprise, involves a huge amount of resources, including labour resources that need interaction with all parties of reorganization; therefore, the concentric model of interaction describing the basic cycle of reorganization, the life cycle of an industrial enterprise and the cycle of its conversion is a trustworthy representation of this process. The proposed concentric model of interaction should be used in the design of organizational and technology-related processes for integrated consideration of reorganization of enterprises required to understand and improve the efficiency of reorganizations and to control the reorganization of industrial facilities.

The author explores linear extremal problems of classes of bounded analytic functions and generalized classes discovered by V.I. Smirnov; the author also considers the representability of extremals by means of Cauchy-Stieltjes integral.
The author considers the problems concerning where B is either a unit sphere in the (D) space or one of the classes , p>1. He shows the possibility of the results concerning the characteristic of extreme functions, their uniqueness, the possilble presentation of the functions from the classes and with the use of the Cauchy-Stieltjes integrals in the component of the D\ suppµ set and the boundary behavior of an extreme function from the (D) class.
One should note that the given mathematical system can be implemented for making decisions in the field of construction engineering and structural analysis, it can provide research assistants and engineers with the background necessary for developing sound solutions and rational proposals.

The author considers relation of the problem of removable singularities for classes of analytic functions to the problem of triviality of extremal problems in the aforesaid classes.
The author presents the results of the study of combined nontriviality of extreme problems in the classes and and considers the connection of extreme measures to the problem of erasure of singularities for these classes. He also shoes the possibility of approximation of an analytic in the D-domain function through the functions from the (D) class or from one of classes.
The developed mathematical modeling methods can be used for structural analysis as well as for research purposes. One should mention that the given mathematical system can be implemented for making decisions in the field of construction engineering and design process, it can provide research assistants and engineers with the background necessary for developing sound solutions and rational proposals.